The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions

Afsar, Barış; Kiremit, Murat Can; Sag, Alan A.; Tarim, Kayhan; Acar, Ömer; Esen, Tarık; Solak, Yalçın; Covic, Adrian; Kanbay, Mehmet

doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2016.07.001

Cited by 36 publications

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“…Nouvenne et al [18] found out in a study that a diet with less amount of salt reduces kidney stone formation risk by decreasing sodium and calcium excretion (p<0.001). In addition, hypervolemia resulting from increased dietary salt consumption increases urinary sodium excretion by reducing reabsorption of sodium through kidney tubules [19]. However, a high throughput of sodium is not all bad in terms of stone risk since a high intake of salt is likely to stimulate the thirst response and make the patient drink more.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation

İçer

Karadağ

2019

Rev. Nutr.

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Article based on the dissertation thesis by MA ICER entitled "Assessment of urinary osteopontin level, dietary acid load and nutritional status of patients with kidney stone". Gazi University; 2018. How to cite this articleIcer MA, Gezmen-Karadag M. The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation. Rev Nutr. 2019;32:e190029. http://dx. ConclusionResults of the study showed that total fluid intake, salt consumption habits, and vegetable, fruit and beverage consumption may be correlated with stone formation risk and nutrition habits may affect stone recurrence. ObjetivoDeterminar o efeito de hábitos nutricionais na formação e recorrência de cálculos renais. MétodosEste estudo foi realizado em 44 indivíduos saudáveis e 44 pacientes com diagnóstico de nefrolitíase e envelhecimento entre 20 e 65 anos. Os participantes compartilharam seus hábitos de consumo de sal, quantidades diárias de consumo de líquidos e informações gerais sobre si mesmos em um questionário. Além disso, as frequências de consumo de alimentos e bebidas dos participantes foram registradas por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar. ResultadosAs frequências de consumo de sal dos pacientes são maiores que as de indivíduos saudáveis em ambos os sexos (p<0,05). Verificou-se que os indivíduos do sexo masculino no grupo de pacientes salgam os pratos sem degustar com maior frequência (p<0,05). O consumo diário total de água de ambos os sexos no grupo de pacientes é menor que o dos indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). O consumo de carne de pacientes do sexo masculino (51,6±31,35g/dia) foi maior que o do grupo saudável (34,1±22,58g/dia) (p<0,05). Além disso, indivíduos do grupo de pacientes consomem menos urtiga, milho, ameixa, nêspera, suco de laranja e limonada do que indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). ConclusãoOs resultados do estudo mostraram que a ingestão total de líquidos, os hábitos de consumo de sal e o consumo de vegetais, frutas e bebidas podem estar correlacionados com o risco de formação de pedra e os hábitos de nutrição podem afetar a recorrência da pedra. Palavras-chave:Bebidas. Comportamento alimentar. Alimentos. Cálculos renais. Nutrição.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, habit of salting without tasting is more frequent in male patients than healthy males (p<0.05) ( Table 1). From this fact, it is considered that high salt consumption habit of patient group increases kidney stone formation risk by boosting urinary sodium and calcium excretion [17,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation

İçer

Karadağ

2019

Rev. Nutr.

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“…6 This alarming demography indicates that the metabolic disorder like urolithiasis requires drugs that can acts by multiple mechanisms in both prevention and reoccurrence as well. 7,8 As reported by WHO majority of the people around the globe nearly 80% relies on herbal supplement for their essential health care needs. 9 As per the demography published in the year 2013 around 13,000 herbs have been screened for their potential medicinal applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Anti-Urolithiasis Potential of Traditional Siddha Formulations Amukkara Chooranam and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam by Struvite Crystal Growth Inhibition Assay

Sivaraman¹,

Anbu²,

Kabilan³

et al. 2019

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Background: Urolithiasis is a medical condition characterized by formation of stone which comprises of calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid. Reoccurrence becomes the primary hindering factor in providing relief for urolithiasis; hence there is a need of alternate therapeutic strategy that may effectively combat and halt the formation and nucleation of the crystals. Objective: The main aim of the present investigation is to explore the anti-urolithiasis potential of the two versatile siddha formulations Amukkara Chooranam (AKC) and Karisalai karpam chooranam (KKC) using diffusion gel growth technique. Materials and Methods: Silica hydrogel matrix was divided in to three groups which were control, AKC and KKC treated groups. Test drugs were screened at two dose levels of 0.5% and 1%. The efficiency of the formulations was screened by comparing the crystal size of the control and treatment medium. Results: The average size of the crystals in the control medium was found to be 2.12 ± 0.22 cm, whereas the crystal size was significantly decreased in medium contains 0.5% and 1% of AKC with the size of 1.4 ± 0.15 and 1.14 ± 0.18 cm. Similar type of findings were observed in medium consist of 0.5% and 1 % KKC with the size of 1.52 ± 0.13 and 1.08 ± 0.17 cm. Conclusion: Results clearly indicates that both the siddha formulations offers maximum percentage inhibition on the crystal growth in the tested medium, this efficacy may be due to presence of versatile phytocomponents present in the formulations.

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“…Dietary therapy for urolithiasis is a useful methodology for preventing stone recurrence in patients, and restriction of sodium intake is commonly known to reduce urinary sodium and calcium levels, and eventually oxalate excretion, which are risk factors for patients with calcium‐containing renal stones . As highlighted in the latest guidelines published by the Urological Association of Asia, clinicians should recommend that patients restrict their sodium intake with the appropriate intake of dietary calcium …”

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confidence: 99%

“…There are several mechanisms through which sodium plays a role in facilitating these diseases; however, the fundamental influence of sodium on urolithiasis has not yet been fully investigated. Amongst the physiologically proven clinical evidence in the literature, only one study used a pediatric mouse model to show that the high sodium and fructose‐containing Western diet could worsen the urinary parameters for stone formation . However, the study failed to prove a direct link between dietary intake and urolithiasis risk due to a lack of renal stone development in mice.…”

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Editorial Comment to High‐salt diet promotes crystal deposition through hypertension in Dahl salt‐sensitive rat model

Taguchi

2019

Int J of Urology

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Dietary therapy for urolithiasis is a useful methodology for preventing stone recurrence in patients, and restriction of sodium intake is commonly known to reduce urinary sodium and calcium levels, and eventually oxalate excretion, which are risk factors for patients with calcium-containing renal stones. 1 As highlighted in the latest guidelines published by the Urological Association of Asia, clinicians should recommend that patients restrict their sodium intake with the appropriate intake of dietary calcium. 2 In addition, sodium is known to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and osteoporosis. 3 There are several mechanisms through which sodium plays a role in facilitating these diseases; however, the fundamental influence of sodium on urolithiasis has not yet been fully investigated. Amongst the physiologically proven clinical evidence in the literature, 1 only one study used a pediatric mouse model to show that the high sodium and fructose-containing Western diet could worsen the urinary parameters for stone formation. 4 However, the study failed to prove a direct link between dietary intake and urolithiasis risk due to a lack of renal stone development in mice.Here, Nakazawa et al. interestingly reported an experimental nephrocalcinosis, induced by a high-sodium diet, with hyperoxaluria and hypercalciuria status in a rat model. 5 Their study showed that high-sodium intake caused not only the increase of urinary sodium, calcium and oxalate excretion, but also the increase of AP(CaOx), which resulted in the development of renal crystal deposits. More importantly, pathway analysis showed that nuclear factor-jB, protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, with alternating renal expression levels of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, ceruloplasmin, matrix metallopeptidase-7, claudin 10 and uromodulin derived by high-sodium intake, contributed to crystal formation. In addition, this experiment proved the suppressive role of eplerenone in crystal development, through an anti-oxidative effect by reducing renal transforming growth factor-b expression. These impressive results verify the clinical evidence that dietary sodium intake increases the risk for urolithiasis. Although this in vivo study might have limitations, such as the fundamental differences between urolithiasis in patients and nephrocalcinosis in a rat model, as well as a small sample volume for genomic examination, it provides essential findings for better understanding urolithiasis pathogenesis. References 1 Afsar B, Kiremit MC, Sag AA et al. The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2016; 35: 16-9. 2 Taguchi K, Cho SY, Ng AC et al. The Urological Association of Asia clinical guideline for urinary stone disease. Int. J. Urol. 2019; 26: 688-709. 3 MacGregor GA. Salt-more adverse effects. Am. J. Hypertens. 1997; 10: 37S-41S. 4 Ross SS, Masko EM, Abern MR et al. The effect of dietary sodium and fructose intake on uri...

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The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions

Cited by 36 publications

References 58 publications

The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation

The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation

Exploration of Anti-Urolithiasis Potential of Traditional Siddha Formulations Amukkara Chooranam and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam by Struvite Crystal Growth Inhibition Assay

Editorial Comment to High‐salt diet promotes crystal deposition through hypertension in Dahl salt‐sensitive rat model

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