The Role of Oral Microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis

Abstract

Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The IOH is formed by volatile compounds, which are produced mainly by anaerobic bacteria. To these odorous substances belong volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), aromatic compounds, amines, short-chain fatty or organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones. The most important VSCs are hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methyl mercaptan. VSCs can be toxic for human cells even at low concentrations. The oral bacteria most related to halitosis are Actinomyces spp., Bacteroides spp., Dialister spp., Eubacterium spp., Fusobacterium spp., Leptotrichia spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., Selenomonas spp., Solobacterium spp., Tannerella forsythia, and Veillonella spp. Most bacteria that cause halitosis are responsible for periodontitis, but they can also affect the development of oral and digestive tract cancers. Malodorous agents responsible for carcinogenesis are hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde.

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

“…O. sinus and S. moorei were previously classified as core OTUs common to the salivary and tongue microbiomes 3 , but in our present study were identified as tongue-specific. This seems reasonable considering that S. moorei plays an important role in halitosis [44][45][46] . The effective separation of saliva-and tongue-specific OTUs suggest the usefulness of our study design in analyzing the salivary and tongue microbiomes simultaneously.…”

Study on the Salivary Microbial Alteration of Men With Head and Neck Cancer and Its Relationship With Symptoms in Southwest China

“…In our study, we found weak but statistically significant associations between Dialister and voice/speech difficulty, hoarse voice, the most serious degree of hoarse voice ( Figure 5B) were observed. Dialister has been associated with endodontic infections, a worse periodontal status and halitosis (Bornigen et al, 2017;Hampelska et al, 2020). Researchers at Johns Hopkins found that patients with oral cancer showed increased populations of Dialister relative to those of the controls (Guerrero-Preston et al, 2016).…”

Development of the composition and technology of the curative preventive toothpaste with antimicrobial and deodorating properties

“…Але є й інші причини -наявність соматичних захворювань, особливості харчування і шкідливі звички (паління) [4,5,6]. Розріняють галітоз позаоральний та внутрішньоротовий [3,7,8]. Останній зумовлений леткими речовинами, які продукують переважно анаеробні бактерії ротової порожнини.…”

“…Грампозитивні Streptococcus milleri і анаеробні грамнегативні бактерії, такі як Porphyromonas intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum і Porphyromonas gingivalis, продукують індол і скатол. Грамнегативні бактерії Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans і Prevotella intermedia продукують сульфурвмісні леткі сполуки, використовуючи сульфурвмісні сполуки харчових продуктів як субстрат [3,7,8].…”

“…Використання зубних паст і еліксирів із протизапальними, протимікробними й дезодорувальними властивостями поліпшує стан ротової порожнини, а також є одним із заходів профілактики і лікування захворювань пародонта й галітозу [1,2,7,11,12].…”