The role of new adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus pathogenesis

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition dur-ing pregnancy. Explanation of the GDM pathogenesis is important due to preventing gestational complications. During pregnancy there are significant changes in maternal metabolism. Many of these changes are influenced by different adi-pokines produced in the placenta and adipose tissue. The exact role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of GDM remains still unknown. Several adipokines have been analysed throughout gestation and their levels have been suggested as biomarkers of maternal-perinatal outcomes. Some of them have been postulated as significant in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications like GDM. This report aims to review some of the recent topics of adipokine research that may be of particular importance in patho-physiology and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Because of manuscript length limitations, after thorough literature review and in view of the recent evidence, we focus on the one of the most well-known adipokine: adiponectin, and not so well-studied: nesfatin-1, chemerin, ghrelin, and CTRP 1.

The effect of probiotics on gestational diabetes and its complications in pregnant mother and newborn: A systematic review and meta‐analysis during 2010–2020

“…The exact mechanisms through which synbiotics and probiotics exert their anti‐oxidative properties remain largely unknown; but (a) preventing and reducing ascorbate auto‐oxidation and metal ion chelation, (b) reducing the activity of superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species, (c) preventing the formation of lipid hydro‐peroxides, and (d) improving the anti‐inflammatory factors through production of SCFA in the gut are some of the probable mechanisms 57‐60 . Studies have reported a relationship between reduction of serum adiponectin concentrations and the risk of GD which might be due to the reduction of insulin sensitivity and anti‐inflammatory effects 61,62 …”

“… 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 Studies have reported a relationship between reduction of serum adiponectin concentrations and the risk of GD which might be due to the reduction of insulin sensitivity and anti‐inflammatory effects. 61 , 62 …”

“…[57][58][59][60] Studies have reported a relationship between reduction of serum adiponectin concentrations and the risk of GD which might be due to the reduction of insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory effects. 61,62 Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived polypeptide hormone which, following binding to its receptor in the hypothalamus, exerts its anti-diabetic via regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms. 63 It reduces insulin sensitivity by increase of glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal Muscles and liver and to improve glucose tolerance by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, independent of AMPK, decreasing glucose production and improving glycemia control.…”

Features of Adiponectin at the Mother–placenta–fetus System

“…Имеются исследования, подчеркивающие различия влияния концентраций адипонектина в зависимости от пола будущего ребенка. Известно, что половой диморфизм возникает во время развития плода [17,43,44]. Согласно результатам исследования, могут существовать различия в механизмах, связанных с развитием массы жира новорожденных мальчиков и девочек.…”

Gestational diabetes mellitus – biomarkers as a diagnosis of the future

“…W chwili obecnej trwają badania nad nowymi adipocytokinami, takimi jak: nesfatyna-1, chemeryna, ghrelina, waspina, wisfatyna, omentyna czy RPB-4 (ang. Retinol Binding Protein 4) [17,18]. Najlepiej poznane do tej pory adipocytokiny (leptyna czy adiponektyna) powodują pojawienie się insulinooporności w prawidłowo rozwijającej się ciąży, jednak dokładny mechanizm ich działania nie został do końca wyjaśniony.…”