The risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy

Cao, Jun; Su, Yuhe; Chen, Zhuo-Kun; Ma, Chao; Wang, Xiong

doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05456-x

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Additionally, the rates of anxiety and depression in GO were significantly higher than in healthy people [ 43 ]. However, it is unclear whether the anxiety and depression preceded GO, and more evidence is needed to understand the correlation between anxiety, depression and GO [ 44 ]. In our current study stressful events were common in both GO and non-GO groups and occurred in 70% and 63%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insight into Non-Genetic Risk Factors of Graves’ Orbitopathy

Zawadzka-Starczewska

Stasiak

Wojciechowska-Durczynska

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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An assessment of the risk of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an important challenge in Graves’ disease (GD) management. The purpose of this study was to compare non-genetic parameters in GD patients with and without GO in order to find novel risk factors and to verify the factors already reported. A total number of 161 people, 70 with GO and 91 non-GO patients were included in this study. GO was confirmed to be associated with smoking, older age, higher TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) and lower thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels and hypercholesterolemia. We demonstrated the latter correlation even for only a mild increase in LDL cholesterol. Importantly, our study provides novel potential GO risk factors, including higher serum creatinine levels, higher MCV and lower PLT. If further confirmed, these new, simple and easily accessible potential GO markers may constitute valuable auxiliary markers in GO risk assessments. We additionally proved that in moderate to severe GO, gender-related differences attenuate. No impact of vitamin D deficiency in GO development in patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] > 20 ng/mL was found. The present report provides a set of GO risk factors, which can be used as a precise tool for an individual GO risk assessment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Insight into Non-Genetic Risk Factors of Graves’ Orbitopathy

Zawadzka-Starczewska

Stasiak

Wojciechowska-Durczynska

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Among risk factors for TED are increasing patient age, tobacco smoking, radioactive iodine (RAI) ablative therapy, thyroid dysregulation, and high serum cholesterol levels. Prophylactic steroids may mitigate the risks associated with RAI therapy ( 6 , 7 ). Identities of TED-promoting smoke constituents remain uncertain ( 8 ).…”

Section: Clinical Background Of Thyroid Eye Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease

Girnita

Smith

Janssen

2022

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism

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Context Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR. Objective Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both. Evidence IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs. Conclusions Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.

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“…Many reviews have been published in recent years summarizing the ways in which selenium is implicated in numerous pathologies related to thyroid endocrine abnormalities, including autoimmune thyroiditis [ 177 , 178 ], Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [ 179 , 180 ], Graves’ disease [ 181 , 182 ] and Graves orbitopathy [ 181 ], subclinical hypothyroidism [ 183 ], subclinical hyperthyroidism [ 184 ], goiter [ 185 ], postpartum thyroid dysfunction [ 186 ], post-COVID-19 thyroid dysfunction [ 187 ], as well as thyroid disorders in general [ 188 ]. Reviews have also been published highlighting the relevance of selenium to non-thyroidal conditions that remain metabolically pertinent, including metabolic syndrome [ 189 ], type 2 diabetes [ 190 ], gestational diabetes mellitus [ 191 ], and gestational disorders [ 192 ].…”

Section: Signals From Brain To Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

Toh

Nicholson

Vetter

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis requires constant communication between the brain and peripheral tissues. Different organs produce signals, often in the form of hormones, which are detected by the hypothalamus. In response, the hypothalamus alters its regulation of bodily processes, which is achieved through its own pathways of hormonal communication. The generation and transmission of the molecules involved in these bi-directional axes can be affected by redox balance. The essential trace element selenium is known to influence numerous physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, through its various redox functions. Selenium must be obtained through the diet and is used to synthesize selenoproteins, a family of proteins with mainly antioxidant functions. Alterations in selenium status have been correlated with homeostatic disturbances in humans and studies with animal models of selenoprotein dysfunction indicate a strong influence on energy balance. The relationship between selenium and energy metabolism is complicated, however, as selenium has been shown to participate in multiple levels of homeostatic communication. This review discusses the role of selenium in the various pathways of communication between the body and the brain that are essential for maintaining homeostasis.

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The risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy

Cited by 18 publications

References 97 publications

Novel Insight into Non-Genetic Risk Factors of Graves’ Orbitopathy

Novel Insight into Non-Genetic Risk Factors of Graves’ Orbitopathy

It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

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