Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

Toh, Pamela; Nicholson, Jessica; Vetter, Alyssa M; Berry, Marla J.; Torres, Daniel J.

doi:10.3390/ijms232315445

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 371 publications

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“…Only selenite, after its reduction to Se 2 - or Se 2− released from other completely reduced Se-compounds, is available for the regulated biosynthesis of Sec-containing selenoproteins. Altered Se status and the disturbed function of selenoproteins will have a major impact on the homeostasis of various metabolic, structural and regulatory aspects of a living individual, eventually jeopardizing its health and survival [ 68 ].…”

Section: Selenoproteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Köhrle

2023

IJMS

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The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H2O2-dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H2O2 as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as ‘thyroxisome’ at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H2O2 and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.

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Section: Selenoproteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Köhrle

2023

IJMS

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“…Selenium, a trace metal crucial for various bodily functions [ 19 ], is notably recognized for its established role as an antioxidant. Recent observations have spotlighted its involvement in hypothalamic function [ 20 ]. The amalgamation of this research and extensive literature evaluations yields pivotal insights into selenium's role in acute ischemic stroke and inflammation attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium’s Role in Neuroprotection Against Stroke-Induced Inflammation

Navarro Garcia,

Leon,

Alvarez Toledo

2024

Cureus

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Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) incidence across the globe is on the rise, and the deleterious effects have not yet been improved with the use of current pharmaceuticals. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has many risks and time constraints, making it difficult to use even as the standard treatment. Selenium deficiency and stroke incidence have a strong linear correlation among various populations. Using the ADME-Tox software, selenious acid absorption in brain cells, tissue, and interstitium was modeled under ischemic conditions to determine the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in the brain using various IV (intravenous) infusion doses. Additionally, we studied the cytotoxicity of selenious acid and selenourea on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and lung carcinoma cells (A549) to determine the overall growth and toxicity of different body cell lines to account for systemic side effects of IV infusion. Our data suggest that selenium can reach a dose-dependent concentration of 1.5µg/L or 250µg/L in brain cells within two hours of a one-time IV infusion, showing the ability to reach brain vasculature. Furthermore, cell viability can be maintained between 95% and 100% using 1nM and 0.5nM concentrations of selenious acid.

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“…Selenium is an essential trace element known to influence various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, through its redox functions. It is used to synthesize selenoproteins, which is a family of proteins with mainly antioxidant roles [ 29 ]. A study on children with intractable epilepsy on a ketogenic diet showed 20% selenium deficiency [ 30 ] and suggested screening for selenium deficiency when intake is lower than 75%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Micronutrient Intake and Status in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

et al. 2023

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the macronutrient and micronutrient intake and status in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) following the consumption of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD). Research Methods and Procedures: In a prospective intervention clinical trial, adolescents with T1DM using a continuous glucose monitoring device were enrolled. Following a cooking workshop, each participant received a personalized diet regime based on LCD (50–80 g carbohydrate/day). A Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered, and laboratory tests were taken before and 6 months following the intervention. Twenty participants were enrolled. Results: The median age was 17 years (15; 19), and the median diabetes duration was 10 years (8; 12). During the six-months intervention, carbohydrate intake decreased from 266 g (204; 316) to 87 g (68; 95) (p = 0.004). Energy intake, the energy percent from ultra-processed food, and fiber intake decreased (p = 0.001, p = 0.024, and p < 0.0001, respectively). These changes were accompanied by declines in BMI z-score (p = 0.019) and waist-circumference percentile (p = 0.007). Improvement was observed in the median HbA1c from 8.1% (7.5; 9.4) to 7.7% (6.9; 8.2) (p = 0.021). Significant declines below the DRI were shown in median intake levels of iron, calcium, vitamin B1, and folate. Conclusions: The LCD lowered ultra-processed food consumption, BMI z-scores and the indices of central obesity. However, LCDs require close nutritional monitoring due to the possibility of nutrient deficiencies.

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Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

Cited by 17 publications

References 371 publications

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Selenium, Iodine and Iron–Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Selenium’s Role in Neuroprotection Against Stroke-Induced Inflammation

The Impact of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Micronutrient Intake and Status in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

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