“…Several small GTPases have been characterized as enhancers of spine density, especially Cdc42 (Tashiro et al, 2000; Wegner et al, 2008; Kim et al, 2013; Jaudon et al, 2015) and Rac1 (Tashiro et al, 2000; Penzes et al, 2001; Penzes et al, 2003; Tolias et al, 2007; Bacon et al, 2013; Ueda et al, 2013; Dhar et al, 2014; Raynaud et al, 2014; Evans et al, 2015; Jaudon et al, 2015; Kim et al, 2015; Valdez et al, 2016); others have been shown to inhibit spine density, in particular Ras (Yang et al, 2013; Lee et al, 2016) and RhoA (Tashiro et al, 2000; Margolis et al, 2010; Alder et al, 2013; Kim et al, 2015). Furthermore, modulators of activity for Ras (Pham and Rotin, 2001), Cdc42 (Hayakawa et al, 2008; Yamaguchi et al, 2008), and RhoA (Margolis et al, 2010; Lin et al, 2011; Papadimitriou et al, 2012) have been shown to be degraded by the proteasome, as well as Rac1 (Torrino et al, 2011; Zhao et al, 2013) and RhoA themselves (Wang et al, 2003; Cheng et al, 2011).…”