The Response of Dormant Norway and Sugar Maples to Simulated De-Icing Salt Spray

Simini, Michael; Leone, Ida A.

doi:10.48044/jauf.1986.001

AUF

1986

DOI: 10.48044/jauf.1986.001

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The Response of Dormant Norway and Sugar Maples to Simulated De-Icing Salt Spray

Michael Simini¹,

Ida A. Leone²

Abstract: Norway maple and sugar maple trees sprayed during dormancy with salt solutions simulating salt spray along heavily salted roads in winter were less vigorous than those not exposed to salt. Fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots; height increase, and total shoot growth were greater in the unsalted trees. The percent of buds opened was also slightly greater on the unsalted plants. Percent dry weight was lower for the unsalted plants, indicating a higher water content than in the salted trees. Trees wh… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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Relative Salinity Tolerance of Intermountain Western United States Native Herbaceous Perennials

Zollinger¹,

Koenig²,

Cerny-Koenig³

et al. 2007

horts

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The authors investigated salinity tolerance of four intermountain western United States native (Penstemon palmeri, Mirabilis multiflora, Geranium viscosissimum, and Eriogonum jamesii) and four common (Echinacea purpurea, Lavandula angustifolia, Leucanthemum ×superbum ‘Alaska’, and ×Penstemon mexicali ‘Red Rocks’) ornamental herbaceous perennials. Each was irrigated with a solution containing 2 CaCl2 : 1 NaCl (m ratio) at salinity levels of 0 (control), 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg·L−1 during two 8-week experiments. They measured weekly visual quality and gas exchange and final shoot and root dry weights. Mirabilis multiflora, L. ×superbum, and L. angustifolia maintained high visual quality and 100% survival across salinity levels. However, dry weights for L. ×superbum decreased at salt levels ≥ 3000 mg·L−1 in both experiments and for L. angustifolia in one experiment. Mortality rates of 12% to 100% were observed for the remaining five species irrigated with 3000 and 5000-mg·L−1 solutions. Visual quality of P. palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea varied with time of year the experiment was conducted, with low visual quality associated with high temperatures and light intensities, whereas dry matter and gas exchange responses to salinity were similar between the two experiments. Penstemon ×mexicali and E. jamesii exhibited high mortality, low visual quality, and low gas exchange in the case of E. jamesii at high salinity treatments regardless of when experiments were conducted. Based on visual quality responses, M. multiflora, L. ×superbum, and L. angustifolia are relatively more salt tolerant, and P. ×mexicali and E. jamesii are relatively more intolerant, than the three other species. Penstemon palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea exhibited intermediate tolerance to salinity with acceptable quality during periods of cool temperatures and lower light intensities.

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Relative Salinity Tolerance of Intermountain Western United States Native Herbaceous Perennials

Zollinger¹,

Koenig²,

Cerny-Koenig³

et al. 2007

horts

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show abstract

Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield

Eaton¹,

Hoyle²,

King³

1999

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 1999. Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 79: 125-128. The effects of deicing salt (NaCl) on buds, blossoms and yields of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were assessed over 3 yr in two commercial fields adjacent to a major Nova Scotia highway. Concentrations of road salt on exposed stems were highest next to the highway, and decreased with distance from the road. Numbers of blossoms, and subsequent fruit yields were low nearest the road, and increased with distance from the highway. Numbers of live blueberry buds and blossoms, and subsequent yields, were inversely related to concentrations of road salt on the stems. Plants under plastic shelters placed near the highway had more live buds and blossoms, as well as higher yields relative to plants exposed to deicing salt. The wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is forced into a biennial production cycle by regular pruning. Vegetative growth and fruit bud formation occur during the first season. Developed fruit buds overwinter on 15-20 cm upright stems. Flowering, fruit development and harvest follow in the second year (Eaton 1988). Lowbush blueberries are tolerant of low winter temperatures (Quamme et al. 1972), except when affected by factors such as insufficient snow cover and winds (Cappiello and Dunham 1994).The lowbush blueberry is susceptible to winter desiccation (Hall et al. 1971). This results from exposure of stem tips above snow cover, and is particularly severe in the Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, area where salt spray frequently drifts off the Bay of Fundy (Hall et al. 1979). Blueberry yields in this region have been substantially reduced after winters with little snow cover.Major Nova Scotia highways are in close proximity to a number of lowbush blueberry fields. Due to heavy winter snowfall and severe winter conditions, deicing road salt (NaCl) is routinely applied in large amounts. Once dissolved in water it often drifts off highways onto nearby vegetation and can cause considerable plant damage (Westing 1969). Desiccation of foliage and stems occurs when water molecules are moved out of cells following deposition of salt onto plants (Smith 1975). Effects of low temperatures are more damaging to plant cells when they are forced to expand as they are after exposure to salt (Leopold and Willing 1984).The objective of this study was to assess the effects of deicing salt from a major highway in Folly Mountain, Nova Scotia, on flowering and yield of lowbush blueberries over a 3-yr period. MATERIALS AND METHODSBlueberry test fields were on opposite sides (east and west) of Highway 104 (Folly Mountain, Nova Scotia, 45°32′N, 60°32′E, elevation 260 m). Frequent large applications of road salt were applied during winter (33 and 40 t km -1 during 1993-1994and 1994-1995 C. A. Audus, Nova Scotia Department of Transport and Communications, personal communication). The east field was cropped in 1992 and 1994, the west field in 1995.During April of each crop year, blueberry stems wer...

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Sodium Chloride Injury on Buds of Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, and Viburnum lantana

Zimmerman¹,

Jull²

2006

AUF

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Dormant lateral buds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), and wayfaringtree viburnum (Viburnum lantana L.) were collected and exposed to nine NaCl concentrations: 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000, 16,000, 32,000, and 64,000 mg/L (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000, 16,000, 32,000, and 64,000 ppm) in December 2001 and January and March 2002. Electrolyte leakage and visual observations of inner and outer tissue discoloration were used to assess injury. Bud injury generally increased as NaCl concentration increased. Bud morphologies of each species were related to tissue discoloration patterns; naked buds were more susceptible to NaCl than those with bud scales. Buds also exhibited seasonal NaCl resistance; the greatest resistance occurred in December. Norway maple, wayfaringtree viburnum, and littleleaf linden buds experienced 50% electrolyte leakage at calculated NaCl values of 12,941, 16,901, and 42,594 mg/L (12,941, 16,901, and 42,594 ppm) NaCl, respectively, but no severe inner tissue discoloration occurred at any level of NaCl treatment. In January, 50% electrolyte leakage occurred at lower NaCl concentrations in Norway maple [7,165 mg/L (7,165 ppm)] and littleleaf linden buds [27,118 mg/L (27,118 ppm)]. Moderate to severe inner tissue injury was detected for all species at 1,000 mg/L (1,000 ppm) NaCl. Buds were most susceptible to NaCl injury in March, with moderate to severe inner tissue discoloration occurring in wayfaringtree viburnum and littleleaf linden buds at 500 mg/L (500 ppm) NaCl.

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The Response of Dormant Norway and Sugar Maples to Simulated De-Icing Salt Spray

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Relative Salinity Tolerance of Intermountain Western United States Native Herbaceous Perennials

Relative Salinity Tolerance of Intermountain Western United States Native Herbaceous Perennials

Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield

Sodium Chloride Injury on Buds of Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, and Viburnum lantana

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