Uniform seedlings of six provenances (Escambia Co., Ala.; Santa Rosa Co., Fla.; Wayne Co., N.C.; Burlington Co., N.J.; New London Co., Conn.; and Barnstable Co., Mass.) of Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.], were transplanted in Apr. 1997 into 0.95-L plastic containers with a medium of 1 peat: 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite (v/v). Plants were acclimatized at 26/22 °C under a 16-hr photoperiod for 2 weeks before treatment initiation. Fourteen seedlings per provenance were then transferred to each of five growth chambers maintained at 16/8 hr thermoperiods of 22/18 °C, 26/22 °C, 30/26 °C, 34/30 °C, or 38 /34 °C with a 16-hr photoperiod of 550–600 μmolμm–2μs–1. Seedlings were arranged in a split-plot design with a 5 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments (5 temperatures × 6 provenances). Plants were harvested 12 weeks after treatment initiation and data recorded. Temperature had a significant effect on overall growth with responses to temperature varying according to provenance. There was a highly significant (P ≤ 0.0001) temperature × provenance interaction for height, stem caliper (measured below the lowest leaf), and foliar, stem, root, and shoot (foliar dry weight + stem dry weight) dry weights. Top and root dry weights were maximized for the northern provenances (Connecticut and Massachusetts) at 22/18 °C. At 26/22 °C and 30/26 °C, the northern provenances (Connecticut and Massachusetts) had the lowest top and root dry weights. However, the southern provenances (Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina) had the greatest top dry weights at 26/22 °C. At 30/26 °C, the southern provenances (Alabama and Florida) and the New Jersey provenance had the greatest top dry weights but they were not significantly different from 26/22 °C. Root dry weights were not significantly different between 26/22 °C and 30/26 °C for the Alabama and New Jersey provenances, but were significantly different for the North Carolina and Florida provenances. Regardless of provenance, dramatic reductions occurred for all growth measurements when temperatures exceeded 30/26 °C. For top and root dry weights, there were no significant differences among the six provenances at 34/30 °C and 38/34 °C. All plants at the highest temperatures of 38/34 °C did not survive by week 8.
Containerized, rooted stem cuttings of ‘Elegans Aurea’ Japanese cedar [Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don ‘Elegans Aurea’] grown in calcined clay, were fertilized three times weekly for 14 weeks with a complete nutrient solution containing 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg N/liter supplied as ammonium nitrate. Top and root dry weights were not affected by N rate suggesting that 25 mg N/liter was adequate for maximizing growth. Nitrogen fertilization increased top and root dry weights by 149% and 20%, respectively, compared to the nontreated controls (0 mg N/liter). As N concentrations increased, root area and total root length decreased linearly. Nitrogen fertilization decreased root:top ratio by 50% compared to the nontreated controls. However, the root:top ratio was not affected by N rate. Percent top N concentration was increased by N compared to the nontreated control. Percent top K, Ca, and Mg decreased linearly with increasing N rates. There was a quadratic response in percent top P with a maximum at 50 mg N/liter.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl and freezing temperatures on dormant lateral buds of Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple), Tilia cordata Mill. (littleleaf linden), and Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaringtree viburnum). The role of bud morphology was also examined. Buds were exposed to three NaCl concentrations [0, 2000, or 16,000 mg/liter (0, 2000, 16,000 ppm)] and eleven freezing temperatures [4, −4, −8, −12, −16, −20, −24, −28, −32, −36, and −40C (39, 25, 18, 10, 3, −4, −11, −18, −26, −33, −40F)] in November 2001 and January and March 2002. Electrolyte leakage and visual ratings of outer and inner bud tissue browning were used to assess injury. Bud injury generally increased as NaCl concentrations increased and temperatures decreased. Buds exposed to NaCl and freezing temperatures had greater electrolyte leakage than buds exposed to freezing temperatures alone. Norway maple buds had the highest electrolyte leakage, followed by wayfaringtree viburnum, and littleleaf linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl. The naked buds of viburnum had significantly more inner tissue browning than the scaled buds of maple and linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl in January 2002. Wayfaringtree viburnum exhibited increased tissue injury in response to NaCl and low temperature treatments in March 2002.
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