The relative impact of underweight, overweight, smoking, and physical inactivity on health and associated costs in Indonesia: propensity score matching of a national sample

Abstract

Background Indonesia is in the middle of a rapid epidemiological transition with an ageing population and increasing exposure to risk factors for chronic conditions. This study examines the relative impacts of obesity, tobacco consumption, and physical inactivity, on non-communicable diseases multimorbidity, health service use, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and loss in employment productivity in Indonesia. Methods Secondary analyses were conducted of cross-sectional data from adults aged ≥ 40 years ( n = 12,081) in the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014/2015. We used propensity score matching to assess the associations between behavioural risk factors and health service use, CHE, employment productivity, and multimorbidity. Results Being obese, overweight and a former tobacco user was associated with a higher number of chronic conditions and multimorbidity ( p < 0.05). Being a former tobacco user contributed to a higher number of outpatient and inpatient visits as well as CHE incidences and work absenteeism. Physical inactivity relatively increased the number of outpatient visits (30% increase, p < 0.05) and work absenteeism (21% increase, P < 0.06). Although being underweight was associated with an increased outpatient care utilisation (23% increase, p < 0.05), being overweight was negatively associated with CHE incidences (50% decrease, p < 0.05). Conclusion Combined together, obesity, overweight, physical inactivity and tobacco use contributed to an increased number of NCDs as well as medical costs and productivity loss in Indonesia. Interventions addressing physical and behavioural risk factors are likely to have substantial benefits for individuals and the wider society in Indonesia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08546-6.

Association between carotid intima media thickness and acute ischemic stroke at an Indonesian tertiary referral hospital

“… 28 Furthermore, the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014/2015 (12,081 participants) has shown that being overweight to obese and actively smoking tobacco are associated with elevated incidence of chronic multimorbidity (p < 0.05), particularly involving non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, T2DM, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. 29 Another study has indicated an association between very high BMI and a 2.7-fold higher risk (95% CI: 2.1–3.3) of mortality due to atherosclerosis-associated diseases. 30…”

Communication Ecology Model of Successful Aging in Indonesian Context

“…From the Scopus database, 21 articles about communications and successful aging were published and indexed from 2015–2022. However, in the Indonesian context, the publications related to aging in 2022 were about health [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], quality of life [ 24 , 25 ], construction of policy [ 26 , 27 ], public bathroom design [ 28 ], macro-demographics [ 29 ], gross saving [ 30 ], somatosensory stimulation [ 31 ], intergenerational support [ 32 ], and pension [ 33 , 34 ]. As of 27 November 2022, there was no specific aging study from a communications perspective, especially from communications scholars.…”