The relationship of sodium intake to calcium and sodium excretion and bone mineral density of the hip in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women

Carbone, Laura D; Bush, Andrew; Barrow, Karen D.; Kang, Andrew H.

doi:10.1007/s00774-003-0437-3

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thus, in obesity a deranged renal handling of calcium, leading to negative calcium balance and thus elevated serum PTH levels, has been reported (28). The increased excretion of calcium is in parallel with sodium excretion (29), and the elevation of the latter may be a result of a higher salt intake in obese subjects (30). Furthermore, serum PTH decreases with weight loss in obese subjects both on a low-calorie diet (28) and after laparoscopic gastric banding (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study

Kamycheva

Sundsfjord

Jorde

2004

European Journal of Endocrinology

175

103

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Objective: To study whether serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium are associated with body mass index (BMI), and their predicting role in obesity. Design: Population based, cross-sectional study. Methods:In 2001 a population-based health survey was held in Tromsø, North Norway. Questionnaires on medical history and life-style factors were completed and anthropometric data were collected. Calcium and vitamin D intakes and a physical activity score were calculated. Serum calcium and PTH were measured in a subset of 3447 men and 4507 women. Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to evaluate associations between BMI, PTH and serum calcium, and logistic regression was used to test PTH and serum calcium as predictors of obesity and to calculate odds ratio. Relative risk was calculated using frequency tables. Results: For serum calcium and PTH there was a significant positive relation to BMI in both genders (P , 0.001), which to our knowledge has not previously been reported on the basis of a large epidemiological study. Age, low calcium and vitamin D intakes were explanatory variables for serum PTH. The highest quartile of serum PTH (.4.20 pmol/l) was a significant predictor for obesity (P , 0.001) in both genders, adjusted for age, physical activity and serum calcium. Obesity rates were higher in those with PTH levels in the highest quartile compared with those in the lower quartiles, which resulted in a relative risk of 1.40 (95% confidence interval (C.I.) 1.20 -1.60) for men and 1.48 (95% C.I. 1.31 -1.67) for women. Conclusions: Serum PTH, adjusted for age, physical activity and serum calcium, is positively associated with BMI in both sexes, and serum PTH is an independent predictor of obesity in our statistical model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study

Kamycheva

Sundsfjord

Jorde

2004

European Journal of Endocrinology

175

103

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“…It was concluded that no bone loss occurs when urinary sodium excretion is less than 92 mmol/day. In other population studies, no association between sodium and bone density has been found, but sodium intake has been assessed by a single urine specimen (Matkovic et al, 1995;DawsonHughes et al, 1996;Jones et al, 1997Jones et al, , 2001Carbone et al, 2003) or by a dietary recall (Greendale et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 7-week reduction in salt intake does not contribute to markers of bone metabolism in young healthy subjects

et al. 2005

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Background: Sodium intake increases urinary calcium excretion and may thus lead to negative calcium balance and bone loss. Objective: We hypothesised that reducing sodium intake would reduce urinary calcium excretion and have a beneficial influence in bone metabolism. Design: A total of 29 subjects, 14 males and 15 females, were divided into two study groups. One group (low-sodium group (LS)) reduced sodium intake for 7 weeks by substituting low-salt alternatives for the most important dietary sources of sodium. The other group, serving as a control group (C), was given the same food items in the form of normally salted alternatives. Fasting serum samples as well as 24-h urine samples were obtained in the beginning and at the end of the study. Urinary sodium, urinary calcium, urinary creatinine, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum creatinine, serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH), serum C-terminal telopeptides of Type-I collagen and serum bone alkaline phosphatase (s-B-ALP) were analysed. Results: The LS group showed a significant decline (P ¼ 0.001) in urinary sodium/creatinine ratio without a significant effect on urinary calcium/creatinine ratio. In the LS group, s-PTH increased (P ¼ 0.03). The C group showed an increase in s-PTH (P ¼ 0.05) and in s-B-ALP, but no differences were observed between the study groups in the changes of serum markers of calcium and bone metabolism. Conclusions: We have shown that reducing the sodium intake of young, healthy people with adequate calcium intake over a 7-week period does not affect the markers of bone metabolism. Sponsorship: The study was supported by Tekes-National Technology Agency of Finland.

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“…For instance, a deranged renal handling of calcium has been reported in obesity leading to a negative calcium balance and thus elevated serum PTH levels (20). This increased excretion of calcium was in parallel with sodium excretion (58), and the elevation of the latter may be a result of a higher salt intake in obese subjects (59). In summary, fasting PTH levels were increased and 25-OH Vit D concentrations were decreased in obese children.…”

Section: Reduction Of Overweight (Nz21)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in obese children before and after weight loss

Reinehr¹,

Sousa²,

Alexy³

et al. 2007

eur j endocrinol

181

114

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Objective: The roles of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are discussed controversially in obesity, and studies of these hormones in obese children are limited. Therefore, we studied the relationships between PTH, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25-OH Vit D), 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH Vit D), weight status, and insulin sensitivity before and after weight loss in obese children. Methods: Fasting serum PTH, 1,25-OH Vit D, 25-OH Vit D, inorganic phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (AP), insulin, glucose, and weight status (SDS-BMI and percentage body fat) were determined in 133 obese children (median age 12.1 years) and compared with 23 non-obese children. Furthermore, these parameters were analyzed in 67 obese children before and after participating in a 1-year obesity intervention program. Results: Obese children had significantly (P!0.001) higher PTH and lower 25-OH Vit D concentrations compared with non-obese children, while calcium, phosphate, AP, and 1,25-OH Vit D did not differ significantly. Changes of PTH (rZ0.23, PZ0.031) and 25-OH Vit D (rZK0.27, PZ0.013) correlated significantly with changes of SDS-BMI, but not with changes of insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment; HOMA-B%). Reduction of overweight in 35 children led to a significant (P!0.01) decrease of PTH concentrations and an increase in 25-OH Vit D levels. Conclusions: PTH levels were positively and 25-OH Vit D concentrations were negatively related to weight status. Since these alterations normalized after weight loss, these changes are consequences rather than causes of overweight. A relationship between PTH, vitamin D, and insulin sensitivity based on the HOMA index was not found in obese children. Further longitudinal clamp studies are neccessary to study the relationship between vitamin D and insulin sensitivity. European Journal of Endocrinology 157 225-232Introduction Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are well known for their essential role in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. The main sources of vitamin D are ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol, the former normally available in food and the latter produced in the skin by u.v. radiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Both of these compounds are hydroxylated in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH Vit D), which is the major circulating metabolite precursor to the hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25-OH Vit D).It has become increasingly clear that the vitamin D endocrine system is related to obesity in adults. Obesity has been found to be associated with lower levels of serum 25-OH Vit D (1-5) and higher levels of serum PTH (1,(5)(6)(7)(8). A low vitamin D intake was associated with increased body mass index (BMI) (9). PTH has been postulated as an independent predictor of obesity (7). Overweight as a consequence of elevated serum PTH was explained by several mechanisms (10, 11): PTH stimulates the renal hydroxylation of 25-OH Vit D to its active form, 1,25-OH Vit D, which in turn elevates the calcium influx into adipocytes. In these cell...

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The relationship of sodium intake to calcium and sodium excretion and bone mineral density of the hip in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women

Cited by 49 publications

References 16 publications

Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study

Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study

A 7-week reduction in salt intake does not contribute to markers of bone metabolism in young healthy subjects

Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in obese children before and after weight loss

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