The relationship of marital status, spouse’s career status, and gender to salary level

The dual-earner dad penalty in salary progression

“…Ten years later, Landau and Arthur (1992), using contemporary data from a single, multinational, Fortune 500 company, confirmed Pfeffer and Ross's earlier finding. Landau and Arthur (1992) reported that men with children whose spouses did not have careers (traditional) earned more than men whose spouses were employed (dual-earner).…”

“…Ten years later, Landau and Arthur (1992), using contemporary data from a single, multinational, Fortune 500 company, confirmed Pfeffer and Ross's earlier finding. Landau and Arthur (1992) reported that men with children whose spouses did not have careers (traditional) earned more than men whose spouses were employed (dual-earner). Schneer & Reitman (1993), using MBA graduates as their sample, found similar results; the male MBAs with traditional family structures earned more than dual-earner male MBAs.…”

“…The study both replicates and extends the research by Pfeffer and Ross (1982), Landau and Arthur (1992), and Schneer and Reitman (1993). As in the studies by Landau and Arthur, and Schneer and Reitman, the data for this study were collected in the late 1980s and so capture the dramatic increase in the number of male managers who are now part of dual-income families.…”

Family Influences on the Career Life Cycle

“…Finally, conformance to social expectations theory (Landau & Arthur, 1992) posits that married men, as the primary earners in their families, need to advance further in their careers than single men, and that men with children need to advance even further. As women's primary role is to manage household and family responsibilities, it is not necessary for them to advance in their careers to the same degree as men.…”

Gender Differences in Pay of Young Management Professionals in the United States: A Comprehensive View

“…Several studies find that marital status affects compensation (Joy, 2003;Judge et al, 1995;Kilbourne et al, 1994;Landau and Arthur, 1992;Mitra, 2002). Typically married employees receive higher salaries, presumably because married individuals are more stable.…”