The Relationship between Military Expenditures and Economic Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Sözen, İlyas; Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan

doi:10.29023/alanyaakademik.649370

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Military spending is projected to decrease as potential external threats and internal turmoil have decreased in countries with high economic freedom (Kennedy, 2018). In regions such as North Africa and the Middle East, there is a two-way causal relationship between military spending and economic freedom (Sözen & Tufaner, 2020). When the allocation of the military budget increases, it will benefit community sovereignty, economic development, and trade independence in Mediterranean countries or lower middle-income countries (Korkmaz, 2015;Nugroho & Purwanti, 2021).…”

Section: Justificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Lestari,

Hudayah,

Irwansyah

2023

JESP

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An open economy allows for partnerships between countries. The urgency of this paper is to dedicate the government's concern to revitalizing weapons in finance, export–import, and empowering the military sector to maintain economic freedom in 8 countries. The objectivity of the study focuses on Indonesia's cross–border countries. Annual published data sourced from the Global Economy is compiled for 6 periods. Then, the comparative linear regression technique serves to articulate the analysis funds. Since 2016–2021, there are indications that there is a strong determination of arms imports, arms exports, GDP of the military, armed forces personnel, and military spending on economic freedom. Interestingly, it was found that variables that influence economic freedom include arms imports in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines, then arms exports in Indonesia, Australia and Papua New Guinea. In line with the GDP of the military which also affects economic freedom for Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Thailand. Furthermore, only armed forces personnel have a systematic effect on Australia and Vietnam and military spending on Papua New Guinea and Malaysia. Therefore, the research output guides future studies to consider protective national military policy interventions as an alternative to driving national economic independence.

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Section: Justificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Lestari,

Hudayah,

Irwansyah

2023

JESP

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The nexus of military, final consumption expenditures, total reserves, and economic development of Pakistan

Rehman

Alvarado

et al. 2023

Econ Change Restruct

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Determinants of Military Spending in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?

Njamen Kengdo,

Nchofoung,

Kos A Mougnol

2023

Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy

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This paper focuses on the determinants of military spending in Africa by considering the role played by institutions. With data obtained between the years 1996–2019, the Driscoll and Kraay fixed effects, the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) estimators are used. The findings suggest that government size, trade freedom, economic risk, and political risk decrease military spending, whereas government stability and military involvement in politics are found to raise it. Using alternative institutional variables, we find that corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, the rule of law, and voice and accountability significantly diminish military spending in Africa. In addition, concerning the economic determinants, the results reveal that trade openness and total natural resource rents reduce military spending, while GDP per capita, inflation, and foreign debt stocks increase it. Looking at strategic determinants, arms imports, urban population, and ethnic tensions positively affect African military expenditures. Robustness checks show that these results change once regional specificities are considered. The study concludes that institutional factors could be an engine for evolution in Africa’s military spending.

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The Relationship between Military Expenditures and Economic Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Cited by 3 publications

References 44 publications

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

The nexus of military, final consumption expenditures, total reserves, and economic development of Pakistan

Determinants of Military Spending in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?

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