Research and development expenditures are one of the most important variables under consideration in order to achieve innovative development. Research and development (R&D) expenditures primarily increase the number of patents applied in a country. The increase in the number of patents applied contributes to the innovative development of the countries and shifts the countries' exports from lowtech products to high-tech products. In this study, the relationship between R&D expenditures, hightech product exports and the number of patent applications were examined using data from 1997 to 2016 for 25 OECD member countries. In the study where the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the countries was determined, the stationary of the series were examined by the CIPS method, and it was determined that the series were stationary in the first difference. The cointegrations of the series were examined by the Westerlund method, and it was found that they were not cointegrations. Then, Dumitrescu and Hurlin's methods were used to test Granger causality. According to the test results, there is a mutual causality relationship between R&D expenditures and at least one unit of hightech product exports and R&D expenditures and patent applications.
The coronavirus pandemic caused the loss of lives, global problems, and the collapse of economies. Especially, the high unemployment rates in developing countries at present makes the unemployment rate predictions important. The aim of this study is to estimate the unemployment rate for the future by ARIMA and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models for Turkey. The contribution of the study to the literature is to estimate the unemployment rate in Turkey in the aftermath of the Covid-19 by ARIMA and ANN models. In the study, the Box-Jenkins method was used to find the appropriate ARIMA process. Then, the estimated performance of the results obtained up to 2021M8 unemployment rates in Turkey have been compared in the framework of criteria for success. Our results show that ANN was more successful than the ARIMA model in estimating the unemployment variable. It seemed that the unemployment rate estimated by the model is very close to the actual unemployment rate. According to the model results, in the aftermath of Covid-19, the unemployment rate in Turkey will be occurred over 5% of the natural rate of unemployment.
Capital accumulation is one of the most important components of economic growth. Health expenditure is also one of the ways to increase capital accumulation and thus economic growth. Therefore, the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth is of great importance especially for developing countries. In this context, the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth was investigated for the period 2000-2016 and for 36 OECD countries. For this purpose, firstly unit root tests were performed in the study and then panel cointegration and panel causality tests were applied to determine the relationship between the two variables. Since there was a cross-sectional dependence in the variables, second-generation panel tests were used. As a result of the cointegration test, it is understood that there is no cointegration relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. The panel causality test revealed that there was no causality from health expenditures to economic growth, but there was a causality relationship from economic growth to health expenditures. Findings from the study show that health expenditure does not affect economic growth, but economic growth increases health expenditure in the short term. Therefore, it can be stated that developing countries have the advantage of time to increase the quality of health services.
Bu makale, en az iki hakem tarafından incelenmiş ve intihal içermediği teyit edilmiştir. / This article has been reviewed by at least two referees and confirmed to include no plagiarism.
Purpose ― In this study, 5 Turkic Republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) and Turkey are analysed to investigate the impact of trade liberalisation and financial development on economic growth. Methods ― In this study, long-term relationships among trade liberalisation, financial development, and economic growth are analysed by applying unit root, cointegration and causality tests for panel data analysis study for the period 1998 to 2017. Findings ― The findings reveal a strong cointegration relationship between trade liberalization, financial development, and economic growth. It was understood that trade liberalisation positively affected economic growth, and financial development negatively affected economic growth in the long term for the whole panel. However, when the variables are analysed for each country in the panel, it is seen that the sign and severity of the coefficients change. Also, according to panel causality test results, it was understood that there was no causal relationship between variables. Implication ― This paper supports the notion that the direction of the relationship among trade liberalisation, financial development, and economic growth change according to countries in Turkey and the Turkic Republics. Originality ― This paper contributes to the literature by the general view that trade liberalisation and financial development are the driving force of economic growth; these relations may vary according to the country group examined in the studies, the period handled, and the econometric method applied.
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