Research and development expenditures are one of the most important variables under consideration in order to achieve innovative development. Research and development (R&D) expenditures primarily increase the number of patents applied in a country. The increase in the number of patents applied contributes to the innovative development of the countries and shifts the countries' exports from lowtech products to high-tech products. In this study, the relationship between R&D expenditures, hightech product exports and the number of patent applications were examined using data from 1997 to 2016 for 25 OECD member countries. In the study where the presence of cross-sectional dependence among the countries was determined, the stationary of the series were examined by the CIPS method, and it was determined that the series were stationary in the first difference. The cointegrations of the series were examined by the Westerlund method, and it was found that they were not cointegrations. Then, Dumitrescu and Hurlin's methods were used to test Granger causality. According to the test results, there is a mutual causality relationship between R&D expenditures and at least one unit of hightech product exports and R&D expenditures and patent applications.
The coronavirus pandemic caused the loss of lives, global problems, and the collapse of economies. Especially, the high unemployment rates in developing countries at present makes the unemployment rate predictions important. The aim of this study is to estimate the unemployment rate for the future by ARIMA and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models for Turkey. The contribution of the study to the literature is to estimate the unemployment rate in Turkey in the aftermath of the Covid-19 by ARIMA and ANN models. In the study, the Box-Jenkins method was used to find the appropriate ARIMA process. Then, the estimated performance of the results obtained up to 2021M8 unemployment rates in Turkey have been compared in the framework of criteria for success. Our results show that ANN was more successful than the ARIMA model in estimating the unemployment variable. It seemed that the unemployment rate estimated by the model is very close to the actual unemployment rate. According to the model results, in the aftermath of Covid-19, the unemployment rate in Turkey will be occurred over 5% of the natural rate of unemployment.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, yükseköğretimde koronavirüs nedeniyle zorunlu olarak uygulanmakta olan uzaktan eğitim ile ilgili öğrencilerin memnuniyetini etkileyen faktörlerin ve yaşadıkları sıkıntıların tespit edilmesidir. Araştırma açıklayıcı ve kesitsel tipte bir nicel araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, bir kamu üniversitesine bağlı meslek yüksekokulu ve bir bağımsız meslek yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören 3334 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış olup araştırmaya gönüllü olarak 1234 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde SPSS programı kullanılmış ve sırasıyla frekans analizi, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, güvenilirlik analizi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Açık uçlu soru ise nitel analiz yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda uzaktan eğitimin teknik boyutu, avantajları ve bağımsız öğrenme stili uzaktan eğitim memnuniyetini pozitif yönde etkilerken uzaktan eğitimin dezavantajları uzaktan eğitim memnuniyetini negatif yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitim sürecinde teknik, eğitim ve sosyal olmak üzere üç boyutta sıkıntılar yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir.
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