The Relationship Among TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and Inorganic Constituents of Atmospheric Participate Matter at Multiple Canadian Locations

Brook, Jeffrey R.; Dann, Tom; Burnett, Richard T.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1997.10464407

Cited by 233 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The proportion of SO 4 2-in our samples was approximately 15-20% of the PM 2.5 mass, which is similar to other Canadian locations, 27 although lower than large urban sites in eastern Canada (where SO 4 2-has been shown to account for 33% of PM 2.5 mass). 28 Since we measured SO 4 2-as a marker of outdoor particles, the actual amount of SO 4 2-was not important for this purpose.…”

Section: Particulate Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 53%

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Ebelt¹,

Petkau²,

Vedal³

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

113

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Most time-series studies of particulate air pollution and acute health outcomes assess exposure of the study population using fixed-site outdoor measurements. To address the issue of exposure misclassification, we evaluate the relationship between ambient particle concentrations and personal exposures of a population expected to be at risk of particle health effects. IMPLICATIONSAs epidemiological studies aim to attribute observed health effects to outdoor air pollution, the contribution of outdoor air pollutants to population exposure must be assessed. To support time-series epidemiological studies that evaluate the health impacts of short-term changes in air pollution, an exposure metric is required for which the day-to-day variability in personal exposures reflects the variability of ambient concentrations being measured. We found that personal exposures to particulate sulfate in a group of subjects at risk for adverse health effects of particulate air pollution were highly correlated, over time, with ambient particle concentrations. Personal exposures to sulfate were highly correlated with ambient levels across all individuals and all levels of exposure, whereas correlations between personal exposures to PM 2.5 and ambient particle concentrations were lower and more variable. Overall, we have shown that a personal measure of exposure to outdoor source PM is highly related to variation in ambient levels of PM, lending support to time-series epidemiological studies.Sampling was conducted within the Vancouver metropolitan area during April-September 1998. Sixteen subjects (non-smoking, ages 54-86) with physician-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) wore personal PM 2.5 monitors for seven 24-hr periods, randomly spaced approximately 1.5 weeks apart. Time-activity logs and dwelling characteristics data were also obtained for each subject. Daily 24-hr ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations were measured at five fixed sites spaced throughout the study region. SO 4 2-, which is found almost exclusively in the fine particle fraction and which does not have major indoor sources, was measured in all PM 2.5 samples as an indicator of accumulation mode particulate matter of ambient origin.The mean personal and ambient PM 2.5 concentrations were 18 µg/m 3 and 11 µg/m 3 , respectively. In analyses relating personal and ambient measurements, ambient concentrations were expressed either as an average of the values obtained from five ambient monitoring sites for each day of personal sampling, or as the concentration obtained at the ambient site closest to each subject's home. metric, the median r between personal and average ambient concentrations was 0.96 (range = 0.66 to 1.0). Use of the closest ambient site did not improve the median correlation of the group for either PM 2.5 or SO 4 2-. All pooled analyses resulted in lower correlation coefficients than the median correlation coefficient of individual regressions. Personal SO 4 2-was more highly correlated with all ambient measures than PM 2.5 ....

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Section: Particulate Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 53%

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Ebelt¹,

Petkau²,

Vedal³

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

113

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“…Soil dust concentrations were calculated as the sum of the oxides of Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, and K (Brook et al, 1997;Lee et al, 2002). Ammonium nitrate and water (not measured) were the main components of the category called ''other'' (i.e., the difference between the PM 2.5 mass concentration and the sum of the measured species concentrations).…”

Section: Species Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Polidori

Turpin

Meng

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Residential indoor and outdoor fine particle (PM 2.5 ) organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations (48 h) were measured at 173 homes in Houston, TX, Los Angeles County, CA, and Elizabeth, NJ as part of the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study. The adsorption of organic vapors on the quartz fiber sampling filter (a positive artifact) was substantial indoors and out, accounting for 36% and 37% of measured OC at the median indoor (8.2 mg C/m 3 ) and outdoor (5.0 mg C/m 3 ) OC concentrations, respectively. Uncorrected, adsorption artifacts would lead to substantial overestimation of particulate OC both indoors and outdoors. After artifact correction, the mean particulate organic matter (OM ¼ 1.4 OC) concentration indoors (9.8 mg/m 3 ) was twice the mean outdoor concentration (4.9 mg/m 3 ). The mean EC concentration was 1.1 mg/m 3 both indoors and outdoors. OM accounted for 29%, 30% and 29% of PM 2.5 mass outdoors and 48%, 55% and 61% of indoor PM 2.5 mass in Los Angeles Co., Elizabeth and Houston study homes, respectively. Indirect evidence provided by species mass balance results suggests that PM 2.5 nitrate (not measured) was largely lost during outdoor-to-indoor transport, as reported by Lunden et al. This results in dramatic changes with outdoor-to-indoor transport in the mass and composition of ambient-generated PM 2.5 at California homes. On average, 71% to 76% of indoor OM was emitted or formed indoors, calculated by (1) Random Component Superposition (RCS) model and (2) non-linear fit of OC and air exchange rate data to the mass balance model. Assuming that all particles penetrate indoors (P ¼ 1) and there is no particle loss indoors (k ¼ 0), a lower bound estimate of 41% of indoor OM was indoor-generated (mean). OM appears to be the predominant species in indoor-generated PM 2.5 , based on species mass balance results. Particulate OM emitted or formed indoors is substantial enough to alter the concentration, composition and behavior of indoor PM 2.5 . One interesting effect of increased indoor OM concentrations is a shift in the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the gas to the particle phase with outdoor-to-indoor transport.

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“…The chemical composition of aerosol can be divided into major and trace species, and there should be a balance between the mass of aerosol determined and the sum of all chemical constituents. Besides gravimetric mass (GM), the major species determined in this work were inorganic mass (IM), determined from the sum of all soluble and insoluble inorganic species according to Brook et al (1997), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), where…”

Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…NssK + is a significant component of two major particle sources, soil dust and vegetation. EOM is an estimate of organic mass and is calculated from the difference between gravimetric mass (GM), and the sum of elemental carbon (EC) and inorganic mass (IM), where IM is calculated as described in Brook et al (1997), see Sect. 3.4 for details.…”

Section: Aerosol Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Haze in the Klang Valley of Malaysia

et al. 2003

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Abstract. Continuous measurements of dry aerosol light scattering (Bsp) were made at two sites in the Klang Valley of Malaysia between December 1998 and December 2000. In addition 24-hour PM2.5 samples were collected on a one-day-in-six cycle and the chemical composition of the aerosol was determined. Periods of excessive haze were defined as 24-hour average Bsp values greater than 150 Mm-1 and these occurred on a number of occasions, between May and September 1999, during May 2000, and between July and September 2000. The evidence for smoke from biomass burning being a significant contributor to aerosol during periods of excessive haze is discussed. For example, during periods of excessive haze, the chemical composition of the aerosol showed enhanced concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon and non-seasalt potassium. The diurnal cycle of Bsp and PM10 was disturbed from its usual pattern of maxima overnight and minuma during the day with morning and afternoon traffic peaks, and instead showed a maximum peak during the middle of the day. Periods of excessive haze were coincident with the presence of forest fires on Sumatra during the southwest (SW) monsoon period, the influence of which are demonstrated by transport modelling for one week of the SW monsoon of 2000. The study highlights that whilst transboundary smoke is a major contributor to poor visibility in the Klang Valley, smoke from fires on Peninsular Malaysia is also a contributor. In addition the uniform concentration of non-seasalt sulfate in PM2.5 at both sites over the entire sampling period suggests the presence of a domestic source of secondary aerosol production in the Klang Valley.

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The Relationship Among TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and Inorganic Constituents of Atmospheric Participate Matter at Multiple Canadian Locations

Cited by 233 publications

References 3 publications

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Haze in the Klang Valley of Malaysia

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The Relationship Among TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and Inorganic Constituents of Atmospheric Participate Matter at Multiple Canadian Locations

Cited by 233 publications

References 3 publications

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Exposure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients to Particulate Matter: Relationships between Personal and Ambient Air Concentrations

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Haze in the Klang Valley of Malaysia

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Product

Resources

About

The Relationship Among TSP, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and Inorganic Constituents of Atmospheric Participate Matter at Multiple Canadian Locations