The Relationality of Movements: Movement and Countermovement Resources, Infrastructure, and Leadership in the Los Angeles Tenants’ Rights Mobilization, 1976–1979

Abstract

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‘I Hate It, But It Still Sounds Good’: Collective Identity and the Evaluation of Oppositional Frame Resonance

“…It is the interactive creation of 'shared meanings, experiences, and reciprocal emotional ties' that provokes a sense of unity and solidarity (Flesher Fominaya, 2010, p. 397). SMO members often draw on these shared experiences as they work to find strategies and tactics that will appeal to diverse audiences (Morris & Staggenborg, 2007;Lind & Stepan-Norris, 2011). When similarities exist between frames and counterframes, experience advancing rhetoric superficially similar to that of opposing movements can provide actors with similar knowledge.…”

Unpacking “Gender Ideology” and the Global Right’s Antigender Countermovement

“…Because the driving motivation of a social movement is to challenge the status quo and disrupt entrenched power structures (Mansbridge and Shames 2008), defenders of the existing order often mobilize to protect the systems that uphold their 9 See Kuhar (2015), Robcis (2015), Fassin (2016), and Kuhar and Paternotte (2017). 10 See Tilly (1977), Mottl (1980), McAdam (1983, Lind andStepan-Norris (2011), andFadaee (2014). position of privilege.…”

“…Countermovements, like social movements, involve collective action and united purpose. The most salient difference is that countermovements organize in opposition to and in an effort to defeat an existing social movement (Lo 1982;Turner and Killian 1987;Lind and Stepan-Norris 2011). As a collective that opposes social change (Mottl 1980;Zald and Useem 1983), countermovements may seek to eliminate social movement activists or reverse policy and cultural gains associated with a social movement's goals and objectives (Gale 1986;Meyer and Staggenborg 1996;Fadaee 2014).…”

“…Once countermovements emerge, they engage in counterstrategies to undermine the progress of social movements and exert epistemological control over the points of contention. Toward that end, they make "competing claims on the state on matters of policy and politics and vie for attention from the mass media and broader public" (Meyer andStaggenborg 1996, 1632; see also Lind and Stepan-Norris 2011). Here, antigender campaigns have adopted gender ideology rhetoric as a primary counterstrategy to mobilize support, neutralize feminist and LGBTQ1 social movements, and gain ontological control over the concept of gender.…”

Collective Litigation and the Constitutional Challenges to Decriminalizing Homosexuality in Singapore

“…According to studies in social movements (not necessarily on collective litigation), these other parties include groups with contradictory or complementary ideologies 20 or marginal or elite positions within a movement, 21 government agencies, 22 and counter movements or opposition groups. 23 Such interactions are influenced by each party's social position, where the party is situated in relation to the factors of political conditions, legal opportunities or resources; the social positions of the interacting parties shift over time, across different contexts, and as a result of their interactions. 24 Hence, unlike the tendency of theories on structural conditions and resources to de-emphasize social interactions and agency, 25 relational dynamics better explain why movements or organizations sometimes depart 437 from past strategies and adopt litigation, 26 or eschew litigation despite possessing rich material resources.…”