The Recent Update of the Situation of West Nile Fever among Equids in Egypt after Three Decades of Missing Information

Selim, Abdelfattah; Radwan, Ahmed; Arnaout, Faysal; Khater, Hanem F.

doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2020.008

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This finding was in accordance with those of previous studies, which confirmed that the risk of infection increased with the age of the dogs [20,31,32]. A popular explanation is that adult dogs remain outside for long periods and that increases their chance of contact with vectors [33][34][35][36], and that the immune response against latent infection in resistant dogs may develop in older dogs [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt

Selim

Shoulah

Abdelhady³

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) that is transmitted by sand fly vectors with dogs acting as the main reservoir. Methods: The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CanL in dogs from Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors. The study was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in five governorates situated in Northern Egypt. Serum samples from 450 asymptomatic dogs were serologically examined by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Overall, the seroprevalence rate of CanL was 21.3% and the highest rates were observed in Cairo and Giza governorates. The univariable analysis revealed that the seropositivity of CanL was strongly related to the dogs′ ages, length of hair, absence of veterinary care or application of insecticides, and the type of floor of their shelters. The risk factors that were found to be associated with CanL in exposed dogs were: age group 2–4 years old (OR = 12, 95% CI: 1.6–92.3); short hair (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.2–3.6); absence of veterinary care (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3–5.8); no application of insecticides (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.5–6.5) and their residence in a shelter with an earthen floor (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.7–2.9). Conclusions: Based on the present results, CanL is present in Egyptian dogs and this increases the possibility of transmission by sand fly to humans with whom they have contact. Consequently, an efficient monitoring programme and effective control measures are important to reduce the risk of infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt

Selim

Shoulah

Abdelhady³

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Since antibodies can be detected at all phases of anaplasmosis infection in animals, serological techniques are advantageous over microscopic investigation in many cases [ 18 ]. Serological approaches may be limited in carrier animals due to their lack of specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and interpretation [ 19 - 24 ]. Since competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISAs) have high sensitivity and specificity, it offers more advantages than other serological tests such as the agglutination test, complement fixation test, and immunofluorescent assay [ 25 - 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Ovine anaplasmosis is a rickettsial disease caused by Anaplasma spp. These Gram-negative intracellular bacteria are mainly transmitted by ticks and infected blood cells of caprine, ovine, and wild small ruminants. At present, epidemiological data on anaplasmosis in cattle, dogs, and camels in Egypt are available, but the data about Anaplasma spp. in sheep and goat are scarce. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assess the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in 300 sheep and 300 goats from four governorates in North Egypt using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit, and the associated risk factors for the infection were evaluated. Results: Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-Anaplasma antibodies was 18.3% and 21.3% in sheep and goats, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between risk factors and Anaplasma spp. infection. Conclusion: Age, animal husbandry, acaricide use, tick infestation, and contact with cattle were the primary risk factors for Anaplasma seropositivity. This study confirms the presence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants from Egypt. This is the first study to assess the associated risk factors for Anaplasma infection in small ruminants from Egypt. Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the associated disease factors, facilitating the development of new procedures for control of anaplasmosis in livestock.

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“…In horses, the overall seroprevalence was 60.9% (n=87), which is consistent with those from previous WNF seroprevalence studies in horses in Palestine in 2014 (73%, n=210) [9], indicating that WNF is cycling in Palestine. This rate lies between the prevalence rates in endemic regions, such as South Africa (75%, n=243) [25] and Chad (97%, n=30) [26], and those detected in neighboring countries, such as Jordan (24.9%, n=253) [27] and Egypt (20.7%, n=400) [28], and in European countries, such as France (8.5%, n=432) [15]. Despite the high seroprevalence rate of WNF in horses, no clinical or laboratory diagnosis has been reported in Palestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

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The Recent Update of the Situation of West Nile Fever among Equids in Egypt after Three Decades of Missing Information

Cited by 22 publications

References 29 publications

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt

The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt

Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

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