BackgroundThe somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly used to monitor udder health and diagnose subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) in dairy cattle.HypothesisThe Somaticell test (ST)2 and California mastitis test (CMT) are clinically useful cow‐side tests for diagnosing subclinical IMI.AnimalsOne hundred and eleven dairy cows at dry‐off and 92 cows within 4–7 days postcalving.MethodsQuarter foremilk samples were obtained and analyzed with a DeLaval cell counter (DCC, reference method),1 ST, and CMT. The ST was run in a simulated cow‐side manner using milk at 37°C instead of 0–8°C as recommended by the manufacturer. Test performance for diagnosing IMI (DCC SCC >200,000 cells/mL) was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the kappa coefficient (κ) at the optimal cut‐point for each test. The effect of milk/reagent temperature also was evaluated.ResultsCompared to the reference method, the ST run in a simulated cow‐side manner had an AUC = 0.68 and κ = 0.24 at dry‐off, and AUC = 0.74 and κ = 0.40 in fresh cows. The CMT performed much better than the ST in diagnosing subclinical IMI with AUC = 0.88 and κ = 0.77 at dry‐off, and AUC = 0.87 and κ = 0.76 in fresh cows. The measured ST value decreased with increasing temperature of the milk/reagent mixture.Conclusions/Clinical ImportanceThe ST is optimized for use on milk at 0–8°C and is therefore designed for on‐farm use on refrigerated milk samples. The ST is not suited for use as a cow‐side screening test for IMI because the milk temperature exceeds the recommended range for the test.
To understand how the latest dominant bovine leukemia virus (BLV) strains were introduced and spread in the Miyazaki prefecture, we collected blood samples from 3 geographic areas (north, central and south) and carried out sequence analysis of the BLV env gene. Two genotypes, genotype I, and III, were identified and the majority of the strains belonged to genotype I (71/74). To clarify a route of BLV introduction, we divided the strains into 20 subgenotypes based on their nucleotide sequences and performed phylogenetic analysis. Our study indicated that common BLV strains were comparatively evenly distributed even in the area, where the farmers have not introduced cattle from other areas and the cattle have limited exposure to BLV infection in grazing fields.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes to equids and has a zoonotic impact on humans. Although the WNV infection was reported in many countries in the Middle East; a little is known about its prevalence in equine populations in Egypt for the last three decades. We have carried out serosurvey on 400 horses and 150 donkeys in five governorates located in northern Egypt. Antibodies against WNV were found in 83 samples (seroprevalence 20.7%) in horses and 19 (seroprevalence 12.7%) in donkeys. Some risk factors for seropositivity to WNV infection in Egypt as the breed, age, and sex of horses were identified; it is more prevalent among gelding, mixed breed, and the middle age of horses. The infection could be attributed to the absence of control measures or vaccine programs besides the suitable habitat which enhances vector bioavailability. This study revealed the circulation of WNV in northern Egypt; as a result, there is a potential risk of exposure to human populations and there is a necessity for further assessment of the disease circumstances in the upcoming years in Egypt to control it.
Family Rhabdoviridae contains 2 genera Ephemerovirus and Lyssavirus which contain viruses responsible for two destructive diseases Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) and rabies, respectively. Both diseases causes direct and indirect economic losses related to deaths, abortions, cost of treatment and prevention, zoonotic impact and restriction of animal movement. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the immune responses of cattle and buffalo vaccinated with BEF and rabies vaccines when administered separately in comparison with co vaccination. Serum samples were collected from 16 cattle and buffaloes (eight of each) then subjected to serum neutralization test SNT, serum biochemical, liver and kidney function for comparison according to the vaccinated groups. Each animal species divided into 4 groups (2 animals /group) group 1 was vaccinated by 2 doses of attenuated BEF vaccine inactivated at time of use with 2 weeks in between, group 2 was vaccinated by 1 dose of inactivated rabies vaccine, group 3 was vaccinated by rabies vaccine simultaneous with 1 st dose of BEF vaccine and boostering dose of BEF vaccine after 2 weeks, group 4 not vaccinated and let to be control group. The results showed that both live attenuated BEF and inactivated cell culture rabies vaccines are safe because they didn't harmful effect on liver and kidney functions, they are immunogenic as they lead to significant increase in total serum protein due to increase in globulin. Co-vaccination of both vaccines together has higher levels of specific antibodies against both BEF and rabies in all vaccinated
Mastitis increases the activity of more than 20 enzymes in the glandular secretions of dairy cattle, including esterase. We hypothesized that milk esterase activity provides an inexpensive, rapid, and practical cow-side method for diagnosing subclinical mastitis (SCM). Our objective was therefore to determine the clinical utility of measuring esterase activity in quarter milk samples using Multistix ® and PeriScreen™ strips to predict SCM. Quarter foremilk samples were collected from 115 dairy cows at dry-off and 92 fresh cows within 4-7 days post calving. Quarter somatic cell count (SCC) was measured using Delaval ® cell counter with SCC≥200,000 cells/mL as the reference method for diagnosing SCM. Milk esterase activity was measured using Multistix ® and PeriScreen™ strips. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), kappa coefficient (κ), and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) were calculated and P<0.05 was considered significant. The Serim PeriScreen™ strips had a marginally better diagnostic performance than the Multistix ® strips. At the optimal cut-point>trace, the PeriScreen™ strip had an AUC=0.75, κ=0.32, and +LR=25.5 at dry-off, and AUC=0.66, κ=0.38, and +LR=∞ in fresh cows. At the optimal cut-point≥trace, the Multistix ® strip had an AUC=0.71, κ=0.31, and +LR=4.2 at dryoff, and AUC=0.63, κ=0.31, and +LR=14.0 in fresh cows. The AUC,κ, and +LR values for the Multistix ® and PeriScreen™ strips are considered suboptimal for a diagnostic test because clinically useful tests typically have an AUC >0.80,κ>0.6, or +LR>10. We therefore conclude that Multistix ® and PeriScreen™ strips do not provide clinically useful cow-side tests for diagnosing SCM in lactating dairy cattle.
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