The Real Little Ice Age

White, Sam

doi:10.1162/jinh_a_00574

Cited by 53 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“… Kelly and Gráda () contend that there was no decrease in temperature during the late middle ages. However, their argument remains contested by climate scientists and historians (Büntgen and Hellmann, ; White, ). …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Kelly and Gr ada (2014) contend that there was no decrease in temperature during the late middle ages. However, their argument remains contested by climate scientists and historians(B€ untgen and Hellmann, 2014;White, 2014).54 Whether Erasmus's anti-Judaism is sufficiently virulent to represent antisemitism is a subject of scholarly debate(Markish, 1986).© 2015 Royal Economic Society.…”

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Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800

Anderson

Johnson

Koyama

2016

The Economic Journal

137

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What factors caused the persecution of minorities in premodern Europe? Using panel data consisting of 1,366 persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely following colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in growing season temperature in the previous five-year period increased the probability of a persecution by between 1 and 1.5 percentage points (relative to a baseline of 2 %). This effect was strongest in weak states and with poor quality soil. The long-run decline in persecutions was partly attributable to greater market integration and state capacity.

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Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800

Anderson

Johnson

Koyama

2016

The Economic Journal

137

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“…Although we appreciate the rhetorical value of this approach, its simplicity does not engage with the complexity of our evidence. Indeed, it resembles the way climate history used to be written in the early decades of the discipline, from the 1960s onward, when Hubert Lamb, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, and others promoted notions such as the "Medieval Warm Period" and the "Little Ice Age" (Lamb, 1965;Le Roy Ladurie, 1961, 1967)-and it is worth noting that this approach is currently being abandoned, with the Medieval Climate Optimum being redefined into an "anomaly" and the Little Ice Age now contested as a coherent phenomenon in the Earth's recent climate history (Büntgen & Hellmann, 2013;Holsinger, 2017;Kelly & Ó Gráda, 2013, 2014White, 2013;Xoplaki et al, 2016).…”

Section: A Climate In Doubtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (1): Climate

et al. 2018

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Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome, written for a popular audience, uses the environment to explain the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The book asserts that Rome fell as a result of environmental stress, in particular through a combination of pandemic disease and climate change. Although we agree that the environment can and should be integrated within traditional historical accounts, we challenge the book's claims on several issues. These include Harper's use of primary sources and secondary literature, his approach to analyzing palaeoclimate data, his interpretations of the impact of disease on the Roman state and society, and his synthesis of social, economic, and environmental history. Throughout this and the following two sections of this review, we demonstrate that several major flaws undermine the book's overarching argument, casting serious doubts on its conclusions.

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“…The stages are characterized by environmental changes since 1600 expressed in the n-alkane distributions and MAAT reconstruction (Figure 4). The stages seem to be a consequence of the LIA, in which the Earth became, on average, slightly colder [2]. The existence of three episodes of the LIA is generally accepted: at around 1600, 1770 and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals [12], although the worldwide effects of might differ in time and magnitude.…”

Section: Maat and Vegetation Cover Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The period is divided into two phases; the first was around 1300 until the late 1400s and the second warmer period was in in the 1500s [2]. The period between 1600 and 1850 marks its height and was characterized by changes in the hydrological cycle and perturbation of the ecosystem [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Little Ice Age on Climate and Vegetation Recorded by n-Alkanes and Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Proxies

Machado¹,

Froehnerb²

2015

J Earth Sci Clim Change

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Keywords: Climatic changes; Little ice age; n-Alkane distributions; GDGT proxies IntroductionThe period which was subjected to much colder winters followed by warmer periods is known as the little ice age (LIA). It documented as being between about 1300 and 1870 (Mann, 2002). However, climate change could vary geographically [1]. The period is divided into two phases; the first was around 1300 until the late 1400s and the second warmer period was in in the 1500s [2]. The period between 1600 and 1850 marks its height and was characterized by changes in the hydrological cycle and perturbation of the ecosystem [2-4].Even although there much evidence for the LIA, the causes and mechanism are still under debate. The only certainty is that it was a global event. Most studies have focused on the northern hemisphere [3][4][5], and there are few studies demonstrating the occurrence of the event in the southern hemisphere. For instance, in South America [6,7], advance in glaciers in the Andes was demonstrated [8], as well as aridity in the lowlands of Argentina [9] and Venezuela [8], and there is evidence from mountain glaciers suggesting increasing glaciation in Patagonia [10]. In Brazil, some studies have demonstrated change in vegetation composition during the LIA and sea level regression in northeastern and southeastern Brazil [11][12][13].At present, paleoclimate can be reconstructed due the widespread occurrence of biomarkers multi-proxy data derived from them. The spatial and temporal character of such putative climate epochs revived the discussion and understanding of and mechanism for the LIA, as well as of the implications for climate change in the future.Typically, n-alkanes are derived from different sources (algae, photosynthetic bacteria and higher plants [14]. Different distribution patterns of n-alkanes in sediments provides information about different climatic environments and hence is widely used to understand the evolution of vegetation and reconstruct environmental changes [14,15]. The magnitude of the anthropogenic impact on the climate and the environment was recently measured from biomarker distributions [4,14]. Yet, some biomarkers can be more specific in their information than n-alkanes. For example, increasing attention has been driven to glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) compounds, polar basic constituents of the cell membrane and comprising a polar head group bonded to a non-polar hydrocarbon [16]. The structures of GDGTs are temperature dependent. When temperature increases, cyclopentane moieties are formed within the isoprenoid chain [17]. With more cyclopentane rings, the membrane is kept in a liquid crystalline state and, as a consequence, proton permeation is reduced.According to Weijers et al. [18] there are some environmental controls on the distributions of GDGTs, so two indices were proposed for quantifying the degree of methylation (MBT) and cyclization (CBT), both being effective in palaeoenvironmental studies to reconstruct mean annual air temperature (MAAT). Since branche...

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The Real Little Ice Age

Cited by 53 publications

References 30 publications

Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800

Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800

Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire: A response to Kyle Harper's The Fate of Rome (1): Climate

Effect of the Little Ice Age on Climate and Vegetation Recorded by n-Alkanes and Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Proxies

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