“…Indonesia is the largest Muslim country, and relationships between women and men outside marriage are seen as a bad influence of modernity brought by the Western world (Akmaliah, 2020;Asyari & Abid, 2016;Asman & Muda, 2023;Fauzan et al, 2023;Rajafi et al, 2024;Nisa, 2021). In Islamic literature, interactions between women and men are taboo and need to be limited by religious law (Bennett & Tamale, 2017;Berthold, 2019;Eltantawi, 2017;Harvey, 2018;Reda & Amin, 2020).…”