Selective image segmentation is one of the most important topics in medical imaging and real applications. In this paper, we propose a robust selective segmentation model using a dual-level set variational formulation based on local spatial distance. Our model aims to segment all objects with one level set function (global) and the selected object with another level set function (local). Our model is the combination of marker distance function, edge detection, local spatial distance, and active contour without edges. The new model is robust to noise and gives better performance for images having intensity in-homogeneity (background and foreground). Moreover, we observed that the proposed model captures objects which do not have uniform features. The experimental results show that our model is robust to noise and works better than the other existing models.

Distributed network attacks are often referred to as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. These attacks take advantage of specific limitations that apply to any arrangement asset, such as the framework of the authorized organization's site. In the existing research study, the author worked on an old KDD dataset. It is necessary to work with the latest dataset to identify the current state of DDoS attacks. This paper, used a machine learning approach for DDoS attack types classification and prediction. For this purpose, used Random Forest and XGBoost classification algorithms. To access the research proposed a complete framework for DDoS attacks prediction. For the proposed work, THE UNWS-np-15 dataset from GitHub and python used as a simulator. After applying the machine learning models generated a confusion matrix for model performance identification. In the first classification, the results showed that both Precision (PR) and Recall (RE) are 89% for Random Forest Algorithm. The average Accuracy (AC) of model is 89% which is extremely good. In the second classification, the results showed that both Precision (PR) and Recall (RE) are 90% for XGBoost. The average Accuracy (AC) of model is 90%. By comparing work to existing research work, the accuracy of defect determination improved as compare to existing research work which is 85% and 79%.

In a study which has been described as pioneering, Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Theodor Nöldeke ‘discussed in detail the “Stylistische und syntaktische Eigentümlichkeiten der Sprache des Korans” (pp. 5–23) thereby collecting together everything that had occurred to him in this respect during his protracted and intensive study of the Holy Book of the Muslims.’ Among the examples Nöldeke discusses (pp. 13–14) are Q. 7 (not 77 which is clearly a misprint in his text): 55, 27:61; 35:27, 6:99, 20:55, 10:23, etc. where there is a sudden shift in the pronoun of the speaker or the person spoken about, known as iltifāt in balāgha (Arabic rhetoric), though Nöldeke does not refer to the term here. Introducing his discussion of this feature, Nöldeke remarks that ‘the grammatical persons change from time to time in the Qur'ān in an unusual and not beautiful way (nicht schöner Weise)’ (p. 13). This is a personal value judgement. Arab writers, in contrast see the matter differently. Ibn al-Athīr, for instance, after studying this stylistic feature, as we shall see below, classed it among the ‘remarkable things and exquisite subtleties we have found in the Glorious Qur'ān.’ It will be seen that the examples Nöldeke cites immediately following the statement quoted above do not occur haphazardly in the Qur'ān but follow a pattern. Examination of where exactly the shift occurs and why, will show how effective the technique is in these examples and why Muslim literary critics and exegetes greatly admire iltifāt and its related features. Nöldeke further remarks (p. 14) that in a few places the second and third person plural are exchanged abruptly: 30:38, 49:7, 10:23. Here again it will be seen that the changes are made according to an effective pattern and that the frequency of occurrences of this type is much greater than is indicated by Nöldeke.

Quoting out of context can become especially serious when dealing with religious texts. As will be demonstrated in this article, attention to context (siyāq) is essential to proper understanding and translation of the Qur'an. However, in much tafsīr writing, and in most of the translations of the Qur'an into English, as well as more general discussion of the Qur'an, we come across examples where insufficient regard to the context seriously mars understanding and results in misrepresentation of the Qur'an's message. The study of context has a central place in rhetoric (balāgha) and in Qur'anic studies in Arabic, but is hardly mentioned in Qur'anic studies undertaken in English. This article explores the significance of context in reading the Qur'an. In the introduction, I outline the various types of context, and then move on to examine its role in determining the meaning of words and sentences, and in determining the inclusion and omission of material, as well as the order and amount of material used in any given situation in the Qur'an. The discussion will also explore which linguistic features can cause difficulties in determining meaning, and what clues are given in the Qur'an to help identify the context and appropriate meanings of specific passages. Examples will be given from translations of the Qur'an, tafsīr, and Qur'anic studies.

Ever since the Qur'an was first translated into Latin by Robert of Ketton in 1143 and, from that time onwards, many Western readers have voiced criticisms of the Qur'an, both its subject matter and the structure of its material. Riccoldo da Monte Croce (d. 1320), for instance, described the Qur'an as lacking in order: proceeding from "true propositions to things unrelated." 1 In the 19th century, Thomas Carlyle (d. 1881) famously characterized the Qur'an as "a wearisome confused jumble." 2 Within the 20 th century, Richard Bell (d. 1952), as will be seen below, found much of the material of the Qur'an to be unrelated, and writes of its "grammatical unevenness and interruptions of sense." 3 The road ahead is still very long. In recent times, Angelika Neuwirth's 1981 study of the structure of Meccan surahs has frequently been referred to by other scholars: 4 Neal 1 See Norman Daniel, Islam and the West (Oxford: Oneworld, 1960), 81, quoting Riccoldo da Monte Croce, Disputations. 2 Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1966, originally published London: James Fraser, 1841).3 E.g., Richard Bell, A Commentary on the Qur'an (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1991), vol.1, xx, but see also the chapter on the language and style of the Qur'an in William Montgomery Watt and Richard Bell, Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an: Completely Revised and Enlarged by W. Montgomery Watt (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970), and Richard Bell, The Qur'an Translated (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1937). The commentary was published posthumously, in 1991, from notes made by Bell during his lifetime. In the Editors' Introduction, Bosworth and Richardson state that "it is unclear when he gave up work on the commentary, although this must obviously have been before his death in 1952." Bell, Commentary, xvi.