The Quinolones

Abstract

The fluoroquinolones represent a relatively new class of antibiotics with outstanding therapeutic potential, attributable to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and favourable tissue distribution. They are highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens, as well as Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. In addition, the fluoroquinolones have useful pharmacokinetic properties: they are orally active, and their Iipophilicity and low degree of plasma protein binding allow for excellent tissue penetration and concentrations, as reflected in their particularly large apparent volumes of distribution.Infections due to aerobic Gram-negative pathogens are considered those most susceptible to the quinolones. Disease indications in which these agents appear to offer the greatest therapeutic advantage over currently available alternatives include the following: complicated urinary tract infections (particularly those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or resistant Gram-negative microorganisms); suspected bacterial gastroenteritis; eradication of Salmonella typhi from the faeces in known carriers; P. aeruginosa-associated respiratory exacerbation in patients with cystic fibrosis; and chronic Gram-negative bacterial osteomyelitis.Direct comparisons of the various quinolones are too limited to date to provide clear therapeutic options. Nevertheless, this class of compounds is likely to playa major role in providing effective oral therapy for conditions that have previously required prolonged parenteral treatment.

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic efficiency of a new smart PdO oxide nanomaterials for using in the recycling and sustainable wastewater treatment

“…Providing a clean environment that is free of any pollutants, toxic and hazardous or otherwise, is an important concern of scientists world-wide and this goal can be achieved with the help of environmentally friendly chemistry using transition metal oxides. These oxides, like RuO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , TiO 2 , NiO, PdO, MnO 2 , ZnO, In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , and TiO 2 , possess good semiconductor properties, like a significant band gap, as well as transport and optical properties that utilize transition metal oxides for different advanced photocatalytic applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Many pollutants and toxic and hazardous substances, like textile dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceutical drugs, were removed from environments based on photocatalytic degradation in visible light catalyzed by nanostructured transition metal oxides because the metal oxides, in nano-scale ranges, possess high surface areas and improved reactive sites [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila in Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (Trionyx sinensis)

“…It differs from enrofloxacin on account of its oxidiazine ring, which may offer several pharmacokinetic advantages, such as a long elimination half‐life, a large volume of distribution and a high bioavailability after i.m. and oral administration (Fitton, ). Marbofloxacin has a wide spectrum of bactericidal activity, which includes mainly gram‐negative pathogens and some gram‐positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma and Pseudomonas species (Brown, ).…”

Comparative Study on Salivary Distribution of Fluoroquinolones in Rats.

“…Bound fractions of the quinolones were relatively small (less than 30%), which was compatible with the findings of previous investigators. [23][24][25] To compensate the variation of protein binding, S/P u ratios were utilized for comparison of salivary distribution among quinolones.…”