“…In the case of COVID-19, the bull's eye model was observed in China (Qiu et al ., 2020), Italy (Liang et al ., 2020), India (Agarwal, 2020), Peru (Yáñez et al ., 2020), and Africa (Coker et al ., 2020). By contrast, the ‘psychological typhoon eye’ effect, which refers to the phenomenon that the closer to the center of an epidemic, the less severe the mental health problems, was also observed in previous epidemics (Xie et al ., 2011); the current COVID-19 pandemic (Xu et al ., 2020; Zhang et al ., 2020); and other forms of disasters such as terrorist attacks (Schlenger et al ., 2002; Li et al ., 2020), earthquake (Jia et al ., 2008; Li et al ., 2009), and exposure to contaminating substances (radioactivity, chemical pollution, etc.) (Maderthaner et al ., 1978; Zheng et al ., 2015).…”