No abstract

Background:This study is to summarize the status of knowledge, attitudes, implementation, facilitators, and barriers of evidence-based practice (EBP) in community nurses (CNs). EBP has been widely adopted but the knowledge, attitudes, and implementation of EBP among CNs, and the facilitators and barriers they perceived have not been clearly confirmed.Methods:A literature search was conducted using combined keywords in 3 English databases and 3 Chinese databases of peer-reviewed publications covering the dates of publication from 1996 to July, 2018. Twenty articles were included. The information of the knowledge, attitudes, implementation, and the perceived facilitators and barriers of EBP in CNs was extracted and summarized.Results:CNs had positive attitudes toward EBP, but insufficient knowledge and unprepared implementation. The most cited facilitators were academic training, management functions, and younger age. Inadequate time and resources were recognized as main barriers hindering the transforming from knowledge and attitudes to implementation. Developed interventions mainly focused on knowledge facilitation rather than the elimination of objective barriers.Conclusions:Findings demonstrate a compelling need for improvement in knowledge and implementation of EBP in CNs, compared with the better attitudes. Except education, knowledge translating into implementation needs more coordination with authorities to magnify the facilitators and overcome the barriers. Further studies need to concentrate on deficient knowledge and implementation of EBP among CNs. Policy makers can use the facilitators and barriers found by this review to modify nursing education, current scientific resources supplement, practice supports for care improving.

A chemical dynamics simulation was performed to study collisions between neon (Ne) atoms and a liquid squalane (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane) surface. Ten thousand trajectories were calculated, with an incident energy of 10 kcal/mol, incident polar angle 45° with respect to the surface normal, and random azimuthal angle. The final energy distribution, angular distribution, and impact sites were determined and analyzed. The incident Ne atoms have short residence times on the surface with most atoms successfully scattering within 3−7 ps. Due to thermal fluctuations of the surface, the incident energy is dissipated efficiently, and more than 60% of the initial energy of the Ne atoms is transferred with three or more “kicks” on the surface. For in-plane scattered Ne atoms with a final polar angle of 45°, the energy transfer is 58% ± 8%, which is in good agreement with the experimental value of 60% (J. Chem. Phys. 1993 , 99, 7056). A bimodal energy distribution is observed for both in-plane and out-of-plane scattering, with a much larger Boltzmann component for out-of-plane scattering as compared to in-plane scattering. The incident Ne atoms are found to primarily impinge the terminal methyl groups of the squalane molecules, and such impact probability is correlated with the interfacial structure of the squalane surface. Comparison with previous study of Ne atom scattering off a H-terminated alkyl thiol self-assembled monolayer (H-SAM) surface shows that energy transfer to squalane is less efficient than to the H-SAM, because flexible intermolecular couplings of the alkyl thiol chains of the H-SAM provide efficient dissipation channels to accommodate the incident Ne atom’s energy.

The crystal phase structure of cathode material plays an important role in the cell performance. During cycling, the cathode material experiences immense stress due to phase transformation, resulting in capacity degradation. Here, we show phase-engineered VO2 as an improved potassium-ion battery cathode; specifically, the amorphous VO2 exhibits superior K storage ability, while the crystalline M phase VO2 cannot even store K+ ions stably. In contrast to other crystal phases, amorphous VO2 exhibits alleviated volume variation and improved electrochemical performance, leading to a maximum capacity of 111 mAh g−1 delivered at 20 mA g−1 and over 8 months of operation with good coulombic efficiency at 100 mA g−1. The capacity retention reaches 80% after 8500 cycles at 500 mA g−1. This work illustrates the effectiveness and superiority of phase engineering and provides meaningful insights into material optimization for rechargeable batteries.