The presentation of brain metastases in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer and potential implications for screening brain MRIs

Mills, Matthew; Potluri, T.; Kawahara, Yukie; Fahey, Matthew; Figura, Nicholas; Soyano, Aixa; Washington, Iman; Díaz, Roberto; Oliver, Daniel; Yu, Hsiang‐Hsuan Michael; Etame, Arnold B.; Vogelbaum, Michael A.; Czerniecki, Brian J.; Arrington, John A.; Sahebjam, Solmaz; Soliman, Hatem; Han, Hyo S.; Ahmed, Kamran A.

doi:10.1007/s10549-021-06420-3

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Interestingly, in a single institutional analysis, Mills et al found patients with breast cancer to present with a greater number of BM and have poorer OS following BM diagnosis than patients with non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. 29 The difference in our results may be explained by the higher proportion of triple-negative breast cancers in Mills et al’s study. The development of BM in patients with breast cancer varies by subtype, with HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancers having the highest propensity of metastasizing to the brain.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes of synchronous brain metastases from 2015 to 2019: a population-based study

Parker

Jiang

Rincón-Torroella

et al. 2023

Neuro-Oncology Advances

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Background Brain metastases (BM) constitute a significant cause of oncological mortality. Statistics on the incidence of BM are limited because of the lack of systematic nationwide reporting. We report the incidence of synchronous brain metastases (sBM), defined as BM identified at the time of primary cancer diagnosis from 2015-2019 using NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database. Methods We identified 1,872,057 patients with malignancies between 2015-2019 from the SEER 17 Registries database, including 35,986 (1.9%) patients with sBM. Age-adjusted incidence rates were examined using the NCI Joinpoint software. Kaplan-Meier curves and a multivariate Cox regression model were used to investigate survival. Results The incidence rate of sBM from 2015 to 2019 was 7.1 persons per 100,000. Lung and bronchus cancers had the highest incidence of sBM (5.18 to 5.64 per 100,000), followed by melanoma (0.30 to 0.34 per 100,000) and breast cancers (0.24 to 0.30 per 100,000). In children, renal tumors had the highest sBM incidence. SBM were associated with poorer survival than extracranial metastases only (HR: 1.40 [95%CI: 1.39 – 1.42], P<0.001). We observed better survival in white patients relative to non-white patients with sBM (HR: 0.91 [95%CI: 0.90 - 0.94], P<0.001). Conclusions The incidence rate of sBM has remained similar to rates reported over the last 9 years, with the majority associated with primary lung and bronchus cancers. SBM represent a national healthcare burden with tremendous mortality in pediatric and adult populations. This population may benefit from improved screening and treatment strategies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 60%

Epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes of synchronous brain metastases from 2015 to 2019: a population-based study

Parker

Jiang

Rincón-Torroella

et al. 2023

Neuro-Oncology Advances

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“…Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation can significantly increase the production of melanin, which causes the cell to become heavily pigmented. This then causes the transformation of melanocytes to melanoma, an extremely aggressive form of skin cancer that can spread to various vital organs, including the brain and lungs [ 32 ]. In addition, ROS are also produced in melanomas affected by high UV radiation [ 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

et al. 2022

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The brown macroalgae Sargassum has been reported for its anti-UV and photoprotective potential for industrial applications. This study evaluated the melanin inhibition activity of Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE) ethanol extract. Melanogenesis inhibition by SCE was assessed in vitro with B16-F10 melanoma cell models and in silico against melanin regulatory proteins Tyrosinase (TYR) and Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). The regulatory properties evaluated were the melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity and cellular antioxidant activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds detected in SCE were subjected to molecular docking against TYR and MC1R. Based on the results, 150 µg/mL SCE effectively inhibited the production of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Cellular tyrosinase activity was reduced by SCE-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were comparable to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid. In addition, SCE effectively decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in B16-F10 cells. The antioxidant properties may also contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, LCMS UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS profiling detected 33 major compounds. The results based on in silico study revealed that the bioactive compound putative kaurenoic acid showed a strong binding affinity against TYR (−6.5 kcal/mol) and MC1R (−8.6 kcal/mol). However, further molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mechanism of SCE on melanin inhibition. Nevertheless, SCE is proposed as an anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agent, which could be further developed into cosmetic skin care products.

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“…Despite the increasing identification of asymptomatic brain metastases, 7 and the knowledge that treatment of smaller brain metastases has better outcomes, 17 there are currently no validated screening programmes for patients at higher risk of developing brain metastases. 8 , 18 , 19 Additionally, while the diagnosis can be inferred from imaging findings, confirmation and biological subtyping rely on an invasive neurosurgical brain biopsy. However, currently, the indication for neurosurgical biopsy is limited to patients with brain metastases and an unknown or undetectable primary tumor.…”

Section: The Need For a Better Biomarkermentioning

confidence: 99%

A brain metastasis liquid biopsy: Where are we now?

Robinson,

de Boisanger,

Pearl

et al. 2024

Neuro-Oncology Advances

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Brain metastases remain a challenging and feared complication for patients with cancer and research in this area has lagged behind research into metastases to other organs. Due to their location and the risks associated with neurosurgical biopsies, the biology underpinning brain metastases response to treatment and evolution over time remains poorly understood. Liquid biopsies are proposed to overcome many of the limitations present with tissue biopsies, providing a better representation of tumour heterogeneity, facilitating repeated sampling, and providing a non-invasive assessment of tumour biology. Several different liquid biopsy approaches have been investigated including circulating tumour cells, circulating tumour DNA, extracellular vesicles, and tumour educated platelets; however, these have generally been less effective in assessing brain metastases compared to metastases to other organs requiring improved techniques to investigate these approaches, studies combining different liquid biopsy approaches and/or novel liquid biopsy approaches. Through this review we highlight the current state of the art and define key unanswered questions related to brain metastases liquid biopsies.

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The presentation of brain metastases in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer and potential implications for screening brain MRIs

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes of synchronous brain metastases from 2015 to 2019: a population-based study

Epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes of synchronous brain metastases from 2015 to 2019: a population-based study

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

A brain metastasis liquid biopsy: Where are we now?

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