The Potential Mechanism of Exercise Combined with Natural Extracts to Prevent and Treat Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Zhou, Tongxi; Gai, Zhuo; Gao, Xing; Li, Li

doi:10.1155/2021/2852661

“…Osteoporosis and its complications place a huge economic burden on society and, at the same time, pose an unprecedented challenge to the health system as the majority of patients with osteoporosis go untreated [ 14 ]. In addition, since the numb of drug treatments for osteoporosis has decreased as a side effect of drugs for osteoporosis, many women are looking for natural plant drugs as alternative therapy [ 1 ]. Olive oil is an important part of the Mediterranean diet, which is known for its protective effects on human health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a systemic disease in women, which is mainly manifested as the loss of bone mass and increased risk of bone mass caused by the significant decline of estrogen in the clinic [ 1 ]. According to relevant data, more than 200 million women worldwide have osteoporosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oleuropein in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Liu

¹

,

Zhao

²

,

Huang

³

et al. 2022

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

3

1

0

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Background. Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) has a supernal morbidity rate in elderly females. Objective. To appraise the effects of oleuropein on bone densitometry, bone metabolic index, oxidative stress, and inflammatory index in PMOP. In addition, the mechanism of olive bittersweet preventing bone loss was explored. Methods. We grouped 80 salubrious female Sprague-Dawley rats into four teams: (1) sham operation team (sham, N = 20 ), (2) ovariectomy (OVX, N = 20 ), (3) castrated mice fed with oleuropein (OVX+ole, N = 20 ), and (4) castrated mice fed with estrogen (OVX+E2, N = 20 ). The ovariectomized SD rats were continuously raised with 200 μg/kg/dose of oleuropein. Bone mineral density and bone metabolism indexes were recorded. In order to assess the effectiveness of oleuropein on osteopenia, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was devoted to examining the bone marrow indexes. The bone metabolism standards of PMOP rats were appraised by assessing serum levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), phosphorus, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate content by experimental detection methods and levels of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OPG) and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) by ELISA. The OPG-RANK-RANKL signal passage was examined by Western blot (WB). We measured bone mineral density using dual-energy X-rays. Results. Our animal experimental results indicated that oleuropein could significantly improve the bone mineral density of ovariectomized SD rats. In the meantime, it could reduce ending interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and phosphorus (P) serum concentration and would not affect Ca2+ concentration. In cell experiments, oleuropein also can promote the proliferation of osteoblasts. Furthermore, it can promote the expression of OPG protein and mRNA. In reverse, it inhibits the expression of RANKL protein and mRNA. Conclusion. Oleuropein can not only improve the inflammatory and oxidative indexes of castrated rats but also prevent osteoporosis. Oleuropein avoids bone resorption by regulating OPG/RANKL expression.

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“…Chemical signal transduction is also an indispensable part of the responsiveness of bone to exercise. It has been clear that cells involved in bone metabolism and the immune response both share the microenvironment and interact to affect the bone remodeling process [ 50 ]. In particular, T cells, B cells, and inflammatory cytokines are important regulatory factors in the interactions of bone-immune systems, among which the role of T cells is pivotal [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheel-Running Exercise Protects Ovariectomized Mice from Bone Loss via IFN-γ-Mediated Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Pathways

Shen

¹

,

He

²

,

Ling

³

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Physical exercise is recommended as a preventative approach for osteoporosis; however, the effect of physical exercise on bone mass remains controversial. Additionally, the immune regulation of physical exercise on bone mass remains unclear. To determine whether wheel-running (WR) exercise contributes to improving bone mineral density (BMD) and investigate the involved immune mechanism, ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated mice were treated with 8 weeks of WR exercise. The distal femurs of the mice were sequentially scanned, reconstructed, and analyzed using microcomputed tomography and related software to assess BMD and bone microarchitecture. Flow cytometry assays were applied to investigate alterations in immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, osteoclast differentiation was conducted to determine the effect of IFN-γ on osteoclastogenesis and the underlying mechanism. As a result, trabecular parameters were decreased in the OVX mice compared with the sham group. However, WR exercise significantly improved the deterioration in the bone microarchitecture of the OVX mice with an increase of 60.00% in BMD, 55.18% in bone volume, 66.67% in trabecular number, 32.52% in trabecular thickness, and a decrease of 19.44% in trabecular separation. Similarly, WR exercise increased the proportion of CD8+ T cells from 7.26 ± 1.71 % to 10.23 ± 1.35 % in the spleen and from 1.62 ± 0.54 % to 2.38 ± 0.43 % in the bone marrow of the OVX mice ( P < 0.05 ). The expression of IFN-γ was also increased in the OVX + WR mice compared with the OVX mice ( 1.65 ± 0.45 % vs. 2.26 ± 0.34 % , P < 0.05 ). In vitro studies demonstrated an inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on osteoclastogenesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the classical NF-κB and MAPK pathways were found to be critical in IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. In conclusion, our study discovered that WR exercise rescued bone loss in the OVX mice in an IFN-γ-mediated immunomodulatory manner. After WR exercise, IFN-γ expression was restored by activated CD8+ T cells, consequently leading to the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and the recovery from bone loss through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

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“…Several studies have suggested exercise as a possible alternative for the treatment of liver disorders and metabolic diseases [ 8 ]. In addition, various studies suggested exercise combined with treatment using natural products [ 9 ]. Some researchers have reported the development of a sports drink containing a physiologically active substance that can increase the effectiveness of exercise performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological systemic analysis of gardenia fructus against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and validation of animal models

Lee¹,

Kim

²

,

Yoon³

et al. 2022

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[Purpose] We aimed to investigate the systemic pharmacological analysis of gardenia fructus (GF) and the proof of concepts. We examined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in high-fat (HF) diet mice.[Methods] The active compounds of GF and the target genes were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (oral bioavailability ≥ 30%, Caco-2 permeability ≥ -0.4, and drug-likeness ≥ 0.18). The rats were divided into four groups: untreated group, HF group, HF and metformin (17 mg/kg) treated group, and HF and treated with GF (28 mg/kg) for 8 weeks group. Hepatic lesion changes and markers were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry assay.[Results] In the systemic analysis, we identified 14 active compounds including A, B, and C. From these 14 compounds, 242 biological target genes were identified. The top 10 Gene Ontology were analyzed using GO-biological process analysis: removal of superoxide radicals, regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process, and cellular response to lipopolysaccharide. GF extracts in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice models significantly regulated hepatic lesion markers, such as mTOR, 8-Hydroxy- 2'-deoxyguanosine as well as oxidative stress activities, TGF-β, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2.[Conclusion] These results suggest that GF, as an exercise supplement, can alleviate NAFLD disease or fatty liver inflammation. Further studies are required to verify the synergistic effect of GF treatment combined with exercise, which is known to alleviate NAFLD and fatty liver inflammation.

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The Potential Mechanism of Exercise Combined with Natural Extracts to Prevent and Treat Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Cited by 15 publications

References 76 publications

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oleuropein in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oleuropein in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Wheel-Running Exercise Protects Ovariectomized Mice from Bone Loss via IFN-γ-Mediated Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Pathways

Pharmacological systemic analysis of gardenia fructus against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and validation of animal models

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