The potential and current status of earthen material for low-cost housing in rural India

Kulshreshtha, Yask; Mota, Nelson; Jagadish, K. S.; Bredenoord, Jan; Vardon, Philip J.; Loosdrecht, Mark C.M. van; Jonkers, H.M.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118615

Cited by 69 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The trends observed for how the proportion of earthen dwellings has changed with time (Figure 7(a)) agree with general observations made over the previous decades for Sub-Saharan Africa (Tusting et al, 2019), Africa as a whole (Adegun & Adedeji, 2017) and India (Kulshreshtha et al, 2020). However, this analysis has a crucial caveatthe data presented are a biased sample of earthen dwellings.…”

Section: Developing and Highly Developed Countries Have Different Attitudes Towards Housing Walling Materialssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It has been (and still is) used in many regions around the world. There is great diversity in both the form and quality of earthen buildings, ranging from poor quality housing (Kulshreshtha et al, 2020) to luxury developments and showpiece 'starchitecture' buildings (Ramage et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite earth being a major construction material for housing, the global distribution of earthen housing is poorly understood. So far, understanding is limited to certain regions, including India (Kulshreshtha et al, 2020), France (Leylavergne, 2012;Antoine & Carnevale, 2016), Germany (Lehmbau Atlas, 2012) and Europe as a whole (Akermann et al, 2011). A wide range of earthen buildings (not limited to housing) were included within a study on earthen structures in the UNESCO World Heritage List, but this was restricted to 150 sites (Gandreau & Delboy, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption

Marsh

Kulshreshtha

2021

Building Research & Information

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Housing is a cross-cutting issue that is crucial to achieving several of the Sustainable Development Goals. Earthen housing is found across the globe, particularly in developing countries, but there is a lack of up-to-date information about its distribution and trends. This knowledge gap is a barrier to developing more effective research and policy for earthen housing. In this study, national demographic datasets were used to investigate the distribution, trends and attitudes towards earthen housing worldwide. Data was collected and analysed for the most populous 26 countries, which make up >75% of the global population. Globally, earthen housing is in decline relative to non-earthen housing, driven by demographic changes and negative perceptions of earthen materials in developing countries. The proportion of households living in earthen dwellings worldwide is estimated to be 8-10%, and the average across developing countries to be 20-25%. There is a negative correlation between countries' level of development and prevalence of earthen housing. Whilst data is more sparse for highly developed countries, the development of standards and commercial interest suggests more favourable attitudes to earthen housing. A focus is encouraged on high-quality earthen dwellings which can help meet housing needs in both developing and developed countries.

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Section: Developing and Highly Developed Countries Have Different Attitudes Towards Housing Walling Materialssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption

Marsh

Kulshreshtha

2021

Building Research & Information

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“…Just in South Asia and West Africa, there is an enormous demand for housing that needs to be catered for within a short span of time. Half of the population in the world lives in rural areas, where earth-based construction is predominant [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. However, the local earth-based materials for construction cannot withstand inundation, leading to housing collapse and affecting livelihoods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomineralisation to Increase Earth Infrastructure Resilience

et al. 2022

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The vulnerability of buildings and structures to rain and flooding due to a lack of adaptive capacity is an issue all over the world. Exploring the bio-resources availability and engineering performance is crucial to increase infrastructure’s resilience. The current study analyses earth-based mortars using mineral precipitation as a biostabiliser (bio) and compares their performance with cement-based mortars. Cultures of S. oneidensis with a concentration of 2.3 × 108 cfu/mL were used to prepare earth-based and cement-based mortars with a ratio of 6% of binder. Microstructure analyses through SEM/EDS, water absorption, moisture buffering, mechanical strength, and porosity are discussed. The biostabiliser decreases water absorption in tidal-splash and saturated environments for earth and cement mortars due to calcium carbonate precipitation. The biostabiliser can prevent water migration more effectively for the cement-based (60% reduction) than for the earth-based mortars (up to 10% reduction) in the first 1 h of contact with water. In an adsorption/desorption environment, the conditions favour desorption in cem+bio, and it seems that the biostabiliser precipitation facilitates the release of the chemicals into the mobile phase. The precipitation in the earth+bio mortar porous media conditions favours the adsorption of water molecules, making the molecule adhere to the stationary phase and be separated from the other sample chemicals. The SEM/EDS performed for the mortars confirms the calcium carbonate precipitation and shows that there is a decrease in the quantity of Si and K if the biostabiliser is used in cement and earth-mortars. This decrease, associated with the ability of S. oneidensis to leach silica, is more impressive for earth+bio, which might be associated with a dissolution of silicate structures due to the presence of more water. For the tested earth-based mortars, there was an increase of 10% for compressive and flexural strength if the biostabiliser was added. For the cement-based mortars, the strength increase was almost double that of the plain one due to the clay surface negative charge in the earth-based compositions.

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“…To significantly decrease the housing deficits, huge costs of construction, and the negative effect of non-traditional construction materials on the built environment, attention must be shifted to the use of traditional building materials in modern methods of construction [6]. The adoption of locally accessible traditional materials in building construction is a potential to be thoroughly investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Evaluation of the Impediments to the Adoption of Coconut Palm Wood as a Sustainable Material for Building Construction

Sodangi

Kazmi

2020

Sustainability

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Coconut palm wood is commonly regarded as a sustainable building material. Nonetheless, its adoption as a green building material by the construction industry is limited, particularly in West Africa. This paper analyses the impediments to the effective adoption of coconut palm wood in residential building construction. The research data was collected from literature reviews, expert-based surveys, and semi-structured interviews with specialists from the construction sector, African Timber Organization, governmental institutions related to forestry and construction, university professors, and researchers in the areas of sustainable building materials and construction. Thirteen crucial impediments were identified and an integrated evaluation of the impediments was conducted using the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) technique to examine the hierarchical structure of the relations between the impediments. A further technique, Cross-impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC), was used to categorize the impediments from a driving to driven perspective. This categorization provides a unique profile for the impediments, which is different from that of conventional evaluation techniques for evaluating impediments. The findings of this paper offer useful guide to practitioners and policy makers in formulating effective policies, regulations, and standards that will promote the development and wide adoption of coconut palm wood in the construction industry.

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The potential and current status of earthen material for low-cost housing in rural India

Cited by 69 publications

References 18 publications

The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption

The state of earthen housing worldwide: how development affects attitudes and adoption

Biomineralisation to Increase Earth Infrastructure Resilience

Integrated Evaluation of the Impediments to the Adoption of Coconut Palm Wood as a Sustainable Material for Building Construction

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