“…In other words, it concerns the amount of information citizens possess on the way governments carry out their policies. This aspect of transparency is often difficult to measure; yet it may be partially captured by indices of democracy (Broz, 2002), studies of central bank independence and freedom of information laws (Berliner, 2014;Chortareas, Stasavage, & Sterne, 2002;Islam, 2006), or in-depth case studies (Öge, 2014, 2015).…”