The political economy of tourism development: A critical review

Abstract

This paper reviews the varying theoretical approaches in political economy and their application to the analysis of tourism development. It examines the shifting focus of enquiry and traces the evolution of the political economy of tourism from an earlier generation of predominantly technical, empirically-driven analyses of tourism's contribution to economic development through to the various strands of development theory that have influenced and which continue to shape the political economy of tourism today. Particular emphasis is given to recent theoretical advances in which the application of cultural political economy and Marxian thinking herald a promising future for the political economy of tourism.

Tourism Development, Environment and Policies: Differences between Domestic and International Tourists

“…Although differences in culture and development levels exist between the two countries, the marketization process has made both countries show high consumption desires [33]. In the post-industrial era, the consumption symbolism, together with the marketization of the cultural sector, has become increasingly prominent in the service industry [34]. Similar to privatization and commodification, marketization reflects the new characteristics of ecotourism development under the neoliberal mechanism [35].…”

Environmental and social responsibility of business in the congress and exhibition industry

“…The benefits of companies representing goods and services in the industry are indirect effects; they form the total income (of tourism/destination). In turn, the induced effect is the benefits obtained from the increased demand for consumer goods as a result of an increase in household income in the region [6], which, in turn, are related to the growth of individual segments of the economy (for example, the exhibition industry and others).…”

Introductory Chapter: Studying Tourism

“…Besides, in the national economies, it also plays specific roles such as "attracting capital investment, creating employment opportunities, stimulating foreign exchange rates, and facilitating innovation transfers" [3]. However, it is considered to be a complex academic job to analyze the total effect of tourism on a country's economy and this is mostly because of the lack of conceptual knowledge regarding the term [4]. However, due to its complex nature, the outcomes for the national economies are controversial.…”

“…The sector generates employment, but it is considered to be low-waged and seasonal [1]. As a result, mostly, tourism's impact on national economy is considered on the basis of consumption only [4], or studies try to examine partial effects of tourism on national or global economy.…”