Entrepreneurial activity is considered to be an intentionally planned behaviour. Consequently, entrepreneurial intention (EI) may be evaluated via theory of planned behaviour (TPB). According to Ajzen's TPB, EI is explained by three antecedents: attitude towards entrepreneurial behaviour, perceived social norms and perceived behaviour control in other words, self-efficacy. Although this model is widely tested empirically, new research regarding moderation effects may be valuable [1]. Moreover, [2] argues that personal factors such as previous start-up experience are relevant concerning the model. Accordingly, in this study, moderation effect of start-up experience is added in TPB model from a convenience sample of 528 undergraduate business administration students from the three most economically developed cities in Turkey. Hypotheses are tested by means of hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Coefficients are estimated using ordinary least squares. In order to test the moderator effect, significance values of the interaction term is assessed. According to the results, all of the relations within the model are significant. Ajzen's TPB holds for the Turkish case. Moreover, for the students with a past start-up experience, the effect of both self-efficacy and personal attitude towards entrepreneurial behaviour on entrepreneurial intensity increases. This is a promising result for the future studies.

The literature on family business and entrepreneurship has not fully investigated the combined effects of cultural openness, religion, and nationalism on entrepreneurial intensity in a firm. This is especially true for firms outside of Western Europe and North America. To address this gap, the study examines the impact of these factors using a set of six Turkish entrepreneurial family firms. Entrepreneurial intensity is evaluated on the basis of the formulation put forth by Morris and Sexton (1996), highlighting the degree and frequency of entrepreneurship. Results show that Islam is conducive to entrepreneurial intensity within Turkish context. Nationalistic firms show lower frequency and degree of entrepreneurial intensity.

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Consumption plays an important role for personal identity and this is especially true for socially motivated consumption. In this sense, consumers use the products and their social and personal meanings during personal identity formation. Accordingly, consumptionidentity relation and the symbolic meanings attributes to those products are intensively discussed in the literature. Jewels that are outstanding means of symbolic consumption are an important tool for identity formation. Moreover, some products gain more meaning due to its role within a culture or ritual. This is also true for the diamond wedding ring that men gave to women as a gift. In this context, how woman establish her personal identity related to the diamond wedding ring is evaluated within this study. For this issue, in depth interview is applied with six women that are selected via maximum diversification and snowball techniques. The data is analyzed relying on the model of Miles and Huberman (1984) and the resultant themes are presented with the help of tables. In conclusion, it is argued that women form their identity related to four main issues regarding the diamond wedding ring. These are, (i) extended self, (ii) contradicting identities, (iii) others, and (iv) gift as a ritual.

This study aims to assess the efects of optimism and self-eicacy on entrepreneurs who intend to reform their market. Drawing on cognitive and institutional theory, the factors of optimism and self-eicacy were selected to beter understand the association between entrepreneurial cognition and opportunity creation. This is a qualitative, multicase study where six Turkish entrepreneurial irms in the process of reforming and redeining their markets through new value creation, were selected on the basis of purpose sampling. While both optimism and self-eicacy signiicantly motivated entrepreneurs to create new value propositions, the efects of these factors varied across cases. In the sampling, all irms associated value creation with innovation. Moreover, irms tended to use informal/formal networks to create new value propositions and change current legitimacy. Only limited studies have reported on the efects of institutional environments and cognitive structure of entrepreneurs on value creation, particularly within emerging markets. Moreover, the concept of value creation, which involves redeining and reshaping the present market, is not recognized within either cognitive or institutional theory. Optimism and self-eicacy have previously been considered as independent concepts in the literature. However, in the current study, the two concepts are interrelated, thus contributing to the literature of entrepreneurship.