The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs

Phylogeographic mitogenomics of Atlantic codGadus morhua: Variation in and among trans‐Atlantic, trans‐Laurentian, Northern cod, and landlocked fjord populations

“…110–12 kya) and Illinoian (ca. 200–130 kya) glaciations (Gibbard & van Kolfschoten, 2004). Origins of the most abundant Northwest Atlantic haplogroups occurred ca.…”

“…Many of the other separations are estimated to have occurred at some point in the Illinoian glaciation; there were at least two warming periods ca. 250 and 300 kya (Gibbard & van Kolfschoten, 2004; Wright, 2000), and much of the early divergence dates to these warmer periods, or even prior to the Illinoian.…”

Evolutionary events in Lilium (including Nomocharis, Liliaceae) are temporally correlated with orogenies of the Q–T plateau and the Hengduan Mountains

“…A land route seems plausible because the Ryukyu-Taiwan Islands and China were connected by dry land with a climate suitable for temperate forest (Qian and Ricklefs, 2000) during the Pleistocene glacial period (ca. 2.6 Mya to 11.7 ka, Gibbard and van Kolfschoten, 2004). Divergence between the insular and mainland lineages occurred around 2-1 Mya (ITS and matK divergence time dating results, data not shown) and possibility coincided with the disappearance of a land connection.…”

Timing of massive ‘Fleuve Manche’ discharges over the last 350kyr: insights into the European ice-sheet oscillations and the European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2

“…The southerly extension of the European ice sheets during MIS 10 is still a matter of debate, particularly because of the much debated correlation of the Holsteinian (-Hoxnian) temperate Stage with the MIS 11 interglacials (de Beaulieu and Reille, 1995;Vandenberghe, 2000;de Beaulieu et al, 2001;Schreve et al, 2002;Gibbard and Van Kolfschoten, 2005;Nitychoruk et al, 2006;Gibbard and Cohen, 2008) or MIS 9 (Scourse et al, 1999;Auguste et al, 2003;Geyh and Müller, 2005;Scourse, 2006;Geyh and Müller, 2007;Litt, 2007). Correlation between the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy and the Holsteinian Stage is crucial because this interval followed the extensive Elsterian (-Anglian) glaciation, dating from MIS 12 or MIS 10 depending on the correlation of the Holsteinian with MIS 11 or MIS 9, respectively.…”

“…Bridgland, 2002), which added to the difficulties of dating precisely the sedimentary records, still make difficult the correlation of continental records with the marine isotopic stratigraphy (e.g. Bowen, 1999;Ehlers and Gibbard, 2004;Gibbard and Van Kolfschoten, 2005), a challenge of central importance in Quaternary stratigraphy. In contrast, deep-sea sediments, because of their continuous record of Earth's climate variability, offer an invaluable alternative to the usually discontinuous continental sequences to reconstruct the freshwater and sediment discharges of lowstand rivers and to detect the imprint of surrounding ice sheet oscillations and attendant modification of hinterland drainage directions.…”