The Physiological responses to Running and Walking in Water at Different Depths

The Effect of Water Depth on Energy Expenditure and Perception of Effort in Female Subjects While Walking

“…The average VO 2 while walking at 6.44 kph in Gleim and Nicholas' study was 26.0 vs. 23.0 ml/kg/min in the current study. At 4.02 kph, Pohl and McNaughton (2003) reported a VO 2 of 17.5 vs. 13.9 ml/ kg/min in the current study. The lower values in the current study may be due to two factors.…”

“…Heart rate, EE, and RPE increased significantly as water depth was lowered from a position 10 cm above xiphoid to xiphoid level and 10 cm below xiphoid level. Previous research addressing water depth effect on cardiorespiratory parameters compared much greater differences in water depth (Gleim & Nicholas, 1989;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003). Gleim and Nicholas (1989) contrasted walking rapidly at 6.44 kph in water depths of ankle, patella, midthigh, and umbilicus.…”

“…In terms of stature, the ASIS is approximately the same height as the umbilicus. Pohl and McNaughton (2003) compared walking at 4.02 kph at umbilicus and midthigh deep water. VO 2 (20.2 vs. 17.5 ml/kg/min) and heart rate (104 vs. 96 bpm) were significantly greater for midthigh versus umbilicus.…”

“…Gleim and Nicholas (1989) contrasted walking rapidly at 6.44 kph in water depths of ankle, patella, midthigh, and umbilicus. Pohl and McNaughton (2003) compared walking 4.02 kph in waist and thigh deep water. Each study reported significantly higher VO 2 and HR as water depth decreased.…”

“…Although numerous studies have evaluated the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during ATM walking in still water (Gleim & Nicholas, 1989;Hall, Macdonald, Maddison, & O'Hare, 1998;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003) or with a water flume (Hotta, Muraoka et al, 1993;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, & Hagiwara, 1993;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, Fujishima, & Hagiwara, 1994;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya & Fujishima 1995;Migita et al, 1994;Migita, Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, Fujishima, & Masuda 1996;Shimizu, Kosaka, & Fujishima, 1998;Shono et al, 2000;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Masumoto, 2001;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Ueda, 2001), only two have evaluated the effect of manipulating water depth (Gleim & Nicholas, 1989;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003). Gleim and Nicholas (1989) contrasted walking rapidly at 6.44 kph in water depths of ankle, patella, midthigh, and umbilicus.…”