The Effect of Water Depth on Energy Expenditure and Perception of Effort in Female Subjects While Walking

Underwater Treadmill Training, Glycemic Control, and Health-Related Fitness in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

“…Likewise, our findings concur with meta-analyses performed by Umpierre et al (2011) and Snowling and Hopkins (2006) revealing mean decreases in HbA1c of 0.67% and 0.80%, respectively, when adults with type 2 diabetes performed structured land-based aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or a combination of both training modes for at least 12 weeks. Expressed as a function of study duration, the magnitude of improvement in HbA1c levels following UTT was more than two times that reported in earlier investigations of middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in both land-based endurance and resistance training programs (Alkurdi et al, 2010;Jones et al, 2009). Proposed mechanisms underlying the beneficial combined aerobic and resistance training on glycemic control include improved insulin action (Castaneda et al, 2002), enhanced glucose uptake due to up-regulation of mitochondrial proteins (Menshikova et al, 2006), increased glucose-4 transporter protein content and glycogen synthase activity 8 International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, Vol.…”

“…The decrease in body mass noted in our investigation may have been associated with the elevated aerobic demand of walking in an aquatic environment compared with walking on land. Related to this point, it has been shown that walking on a submerged treadmill results in a significantly higher aerobic demand compared with walking on a land-based treadmill (Alkurdi et al, 2010). The degree of body mass loss recorded among our participants, which was markedly greater than the mean decrease of 0.7 kg observed in middle-aged obese adults who performed 12 weeks of underwater treadmill walking, may reflect the interactive effect of walking speed and water height on overall exercise intensity (Greene et al, 2009).…”

“…The treadmill accommodation sessions occurred in a therapy pool, which contained an underwater treadmill (Ferno, Wilmington, OH) and a control panel from which the treadmill was operated, a water reservoir with a water filtration system, a variable-speed motor, and two large Plexiglas windows which enabled participants to be visually monitored (see Figure 1). Water height was set at 10 cm below the xiphoid process (Alkurdi, Paul, Sadowski, & Dolny, 2010) and maintained during training. For both treadmill accommodation sessions, a Polar heart rate monitor was worn and heart rate was recorded before the session and following the first minute of walking.…”

Metabolic Cost Comparison of Running on an Aquatic Treadmill With Water Jets and Land Treadmill With Incline

“…At walking speeds of 0.67-1.79 m/s there is a significant difference in VO 2 when comparing a water depth of +10 cm from xiphoid and -10 cm from xiphoid. When comparing VO 2 at walking speeds greater than 1.1 m/s, there is a significant difference when water depth is altered by ± 10 cm (xiphoid and ± 10 cm from xiphoid; Alkurdi, Paul, Sadowski, & Dolny, 2010). ATM running between 2.95-3.8 m/s and submerged to the xiphoid process yields similar VO 2 results as TM at the same running speeds (Rutledge, Silvers, Browder, & Dolny, 2007).…”

The Interventional Use of Water Treadmill Running During Long Periods of Injury

“…Furthermore, the understanding that ATM compared to LTM running can result in greater metabolic costs [23][24][25][26] suggests it could be used as a means for maintaining specific cardiovascular fitness and therefore performance during periods of injury amongst runners. However, such suppositions are unsubstantiated for an injured athlete(s) and it is unknown how such periods of training might effect normal running dynamics on return to land based training.…”