The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector

Abstract

The principles of 'green chemistry' are gaining importance in agri-food sector due to the need to reduce pollution from toxic chemicals, make industrial processes safer and more sustainable, and to offer 'clean-labeled products' required by the consumers. The application of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)natural product-based green liquids is considered the promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. This review is intended to summarize and discuss recent advances related to physicochemical properties of NADES, their applications, compatibility with analytic techniques and toxicological profile, pointing out the challenges and necessary improvements for their wider utilization in agri-food sector. NADES allow extraction of wide range of food compounds and they are proven to be convenient for food-related applications. However, their potential for industrial scale-up utilization is not completely investigated. Examined NADES are readily biodegradable, but only preliminary studies on NADES toxicity which include limited number of NADES molecules are available. Apart from fundamental research dealing with NADES formation and the nature of the interactions and structure underpinning the liquid phase formation, the question of purity of NADES obtained by different synthetic methodologies need to be addressed in the future. Data on physicochemical properties of synthetized NADES are still needed as they are relevant for industrial applications.

Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy

“…Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are considered as a specific class of liquids present in living cells, where they play an important role in biosynthesis, transport, and storage of compounds with intermediate polarity [206]. NADES are composed of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) mixed together.…”

“…On this basis, NADES have been used to extract a wide range of natural compounds, including phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and photosynthetic pigments [207,208]. NADES and their perspectives in the agri-food sector were extensively reviewed by Mišan et al [206]. Regarding the employment of NADES in the extraction of plant-driven industrial wastes, they have been used to efficiently obtain phenols from by-products of the olive oil industry, and the onion, tomato, potato, orange, and pear canning industries [209,210].…”

OPTIMASI METODE EKSTRAKSI BERBANTU MIKROWAVE DENGAN PELARUT HIJAU (ASAM SITRAT-GLUKOSA) TERHADAP KADAR POLIFENOL TOTAL DARI DAUN KADAMBA (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) MENGGUNAKAN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

“…Pada penelitian ini, pengembangan metode ekstraksi dengan pendekatan prinsip green chemistry atau kimia hijau yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar senyawa metabolit sekunder target atau spesifik dari sampel tumbuhan atau bahan alam lain telah dilakukan dalam satu dekade belakangan. Penggunaan pelarut hijau (dalam penelitian ini menggunakan asam sitrat: glukosa) memiliki keuntungan seperti tidak mudah terbakar, tidak toksik, ramah lingkungan, dan edible (karena jenis pelarut ini masuk dalam kategori food grade) (33,34). Selain itu, peningkatan kadar senyawa metabolit sekunder target juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi ekstraksi dari metode ekstraksi berbantu mikrowave yang digunakan (10).…”

Recovery of β-carotene from pumpkin using switchable natural deep eutectic solvents

“…In particular, deep eutectic solvents (DES) hold a promising perspective in the alternative solvents scenario, since they can be carefully designed by choosing compounds with appropriate chemical structures, which are translated into important specific properties essential for the extraction of the target compound, while also displaying low environmental impact and toxicity [9] . It is important to emphasize the possibility of adjusting physicochemical properties by simple combination of different salts and hydrogen bond donors, their molar ratio, water content and temperature [10] . Despite the large number of DES that have been recently proposed, researchers are significantly focused on developing new strategies to improve process design and product production [11] .…”

“…The study presents a new approach based on the potential of NADES based on saturated fatty acids as task specific solvents combined with ultrasound assisted extraction to intensify of the extraction process and increase the recovery of β-carotene from pumpkin. Natural deep eutectic solvents have already found wide application as solvents for recovery of bioactive compounds due to negligible environmental impact and simple and inexpensive preparation, but the greatest challenge remains in recovery of extracted bioactive compounds from the eutectic solvents [10] . Consequently, a novel and elegant approach based on switchable hydrophobic NADES was developed to separate the β-carotene from NADES based pumpkin extract.…”