The Peri‐Implantitis: Implant Surfaces, Microstructure, and Physicochemical Aspects

Abstract

There are two ways of looking at secondary failures of osseointegration; one is to reflect on possible causes for the failure, the other focuses on the pathology per se. In the first case, background factors such as mechanical trauma (adverse loading) or inflammations/infections are being discussed as the cause of failure. Then peri-implantitis is a term reserved for implant disturbance due to inflammation/infections only. However, irrespective of the original reason for the failure being adverse loading or inflammation/infection, the end result with bone resorption and inflammation may be very similar. Hence, in the present article, an alternative outlook has been chosen. Trigerring factors for peri-implantitis are generally gathered under four categories: lesions of peri-implant attachment, presence of aggressive bacteria, excessive mechanical stress, and corrosion. If only one of these factors would start a chain reaction leading to lesions, then the other factors may combine to worsen the condition. With other words, peri-implantitis is a general term dependent on a synergy of several factors, irrespective of the precise reason for first triggering off symptoms.

Antibiotic-decorated titanium with enhanced antibacterial activity through adhesive polydopamine for dental/bone implant

“…Microbial infection is one of the main causes of implant failure [4,5]. During the process of surgery, implants are susceptible to bacterial contamination on skin and mucous membranes [6].…”

Effect of a cordless retraction paste material on implant surfaces: an in vitro study

“…3 In this study implants were left undisturbed in titanium sterile airtight containers for 4 weeks to evaluate if passivation of the surface could mask the remnants of Al and Si. No changes were observed upon re-examination.…”

“…2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):492-9 inflammatory response. 3 Since the architecture of the gingival crevice surrounding implants is more fragile than the structure around natural teeth, using a cordless retraction paste for gingival retraction in implant dentistry appears to have considerable potential to afford a less traumatic procedure, compared to the other available techniques. 4 This in vitro study evaluated the effect of a cordless retraction paste material, Expasyl  (Acteon), on TiUnite  (Nobel Biocare) implant surfaces.…”

Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy using methylene blue and red color diode laser on biofilm attached to sandblasted and acid-etched surface of titanium

“…Previous studies have shown that the formation of dental biofilm on the implant surface plays a role in the development of peri-implantitis [5]. The biofilm in peri-implantitis has a more complex microbial composition compared with periodontitis.…”