The penis is not protected — in hypertension there are vascular changes in the penis which are similar to those in other vascular beds

Okabe, Hiroaki; Hale, Taben M.; Kumon, Hiromi; Heaton, Jeremy P.W.; Adams, Michael

doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900394

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…25 Hemodynamic studies in SHR species have shown that hypertension in these animals leads to structural changes in penile vasculature similar to those in other vascular beds, characterized by a narrow vascular lumen and increased medial smooth muscle bulk. 26 In addition, these studies imply the loss of functional control mechanisms that protect the penile vasculature from structural changes that may have a negative impact on penile blood flow. 26 Recent in vivo physiological studies in experimental animal models described impairment of erectile response in hypertensive animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 In addition, these studies imply the loss of functional control mechanisms that protect the penile vasculature from structural changes that may have a negative impact on penile blood flow. 26 Recent in vivo physiological studies in experimental animal models described impairment of erectile response in hypertensive animals. Chitaley et al 27 demonstrated a decrement in erectile response in stroke-prone SHR animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition synergizes rho-kinase antagonism and enhances erectile response in male hypertensive rats

et al. 2004

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To evaluate the association between hypertension, male erectile function, Rho-kinase, and cyclic GMP pathways, we monitored neurogenic erectile response in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) vs normotensive rats. We also evaluated SHR erectile function before and after intracavernosal injection of either the specific Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 or a combination of Y-27632 and the PDE5 inhibitor zaprinast to prevent cGMP degradation. SHR had lower resting baseline corpus cavernosum pressure and a higher threshold for development of tumescence than normotensive rats. In SHR, Y-27632 administration reversed hypertension-related changes in male erectile function; Rho-kinase antagonism and PDE5 inhibition in combination had a synergistic effect in improving the neurogenic erectile response. Our data indicate that hypertension is associated with impairment in the SHR neurogenic erectile response that may involve a derangement in hemodynamic mechanisms in penile erectile tissue. Rho-kinase inhibition alone or combined with PDE5 inhibition may be of value in treating hypertension-related ED.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition synergizes rho-kinase antagonism and enhances erectile response in male hypertensive rats

et al. 2004

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“…21 Such increased resistance has been shown to result in structural changes to the penile vasculature, including both arterial and erectile tissues. 22 As we were not able to control for these factors, they may have diluted the association between ED and hyperthyroidism detected in this study. This study supports the conclusions of the two previous studies investigating the association between dysthyroidism and ED.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Hyperthyroidism and erectile dysfunction: a population-based case—control study

2012

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Dysthyroidism has been highlighted as a common endocrine disorder associated with erectile dysfunction (ED); however, to date, no large-scale population-based study has investigated the association between hyperthyroidism and ED. This case--control study aimed to explore the association between ED and hyperthyroidism using a population-based data set. In total, 6310 adult patients who received new diagnoses of ED were recruited as cases together with 18 930 matched enrollees with no history of ED who served as controls. Conditional logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between ED and having been previously diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. In total, 569 (2.3%) of the 25 240 sampled subjects had been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism before the index date; hyperthyroidism was found in 207 (3.3%) cases and 362 (1.90%) controls. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) of prior hyperthyroidism among cases was 1.64 (95% confidence interval ¼ 1.37--1.96, Po0.001) than that of controls. No association was detected between prior hyperthyroidism and ED for the 18--30, 30--39 and X70 age groups. Subjects aged between 60 and 69 years had the highest ORs for prior hyperthyroidism among cases when compared to controls (OR ¼ 1.84; 95% confidence interval ¼ 1.20--2.84; Po0.001). Our study further confirms the existence of an association between ED and prior hyperthyroidism. INTRODUCTIONHyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormone 1 and affects approximately 2% of women, but significantly less in men. 2 A recently conducted prevalence study in Norway found that 0.9% of all Norwegian men over 20 years old in Nord-Trù ndelag had been diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. 3 Graves' disease accounts for 70% of hyperthyroidism cases, with the age of onset most often occurring during young adulthood 1 and is a genetically linked autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies to its own tissues, which in turn cause the thyroid to produce excess of thyroid hormone. The other 30% of hyperthyroidism cases result from other causes, such as toxic nodular goiters, subacute thyroiditis, exposure to iodine from medications or X-ray dyes and postpartum thyroiditis. Whether on account of autoimmune, inflammatory or metabolic sources, 1 the effects of hyperthyroidism have been reported to be associated with sexual impotence among men. 3,4 Furthermore, one recent study has demonstrated that thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in the penis provide the biological basis for the direct action of thyroid hormones on this organ and suggested that physicians should be advised to investigate sexual function in men with thyroid disorders. 5 Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse and is the most common sexual problem among aging male subjects. 6,7 The Massachusetts Male Aging Study reported that 52% of their community-based survey of men aged between 40...

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“…It is conceivable that these changes may occur also in conditions of chronic hypoxia in men and may lead to alterations in penile structures similar to those already described in other organs (Wespes et al 1998, Okabe et al 1999. These phenomena might contribute to the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction that frequently complicate atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive pulmonary disease and intense cigarette smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptors in rat corpus cavernosum: changes in expression after transient in vivo hypoxia

Aversa

Basciani²,

Visca³

et al. 2001

Journal of Endocrinology

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) overactivity has been implicated in atherosclerosis and several fibrotic conditions including lung and kidney fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and myelofibrosis. Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a known stimulus for transcriptional induction of PDGF ligand and receptor genes in different tissues. We studied the expression and localization of PDGF-A, PDGF-B, and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-and -subunits in adult rat isolated corpus cavernosum (CC) under generalized transient hypoxia (pO 2 10%) in comparison with normoxic conditions. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA extracted from rat penis showed higher amounts of PDGF-A, PDGF-B and PDGFR-mRNA transcripts in hypoxic versus normoxic animals. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the localization of PDGF subunits and PDGFR-was confined to the cytoplasm of the perivascular smooth muscle cells, endothelium and trabecular fibroblasts. Our findings indicate that transient low oxygen tension induces PDGF overexpression in rat CC, which in the long term may lead to an increase of connective tissue production. We suggest that a local impairment of the PDGF/PDGFR system may contribute to CC fibrosis, which is an established cause of erectile dysfunction in man.

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The penis is not protected — in hypertension there are vascular changes in the penis which are similar to those in other vascular beds

Cited by 51 publications

References 26 publications

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition synergizes rho-kinase antagonism and enhances erectile response in male hypertensive rats

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition synergizes rho-kinase antagonism and enhances erectile response in male hypertensive rats

Hyperthyroidism and erectile dysfunction: a population-based case—control study

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptors in rat corpus cavernosum: changes in expression after transient in vivo hypoxia

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