“…It is becoming increasingly likely that in many of the world's poorest societies, the development models of old are inapplicable today simply because states lack the capacity to realize them -if ever they possessed it. Some International Relations (IR) theorists have begun talking of a new mediaevalism, which they posit is replacing the era of the nation-state presumed by all traditional development models (see, eg, Matthews, 1997;Kobrin, 1998;Trainor, 1998;Friedrichs, 2001;Aalberts, 2004). It is suggested that with the weakening of states attendant upon globalization, combined with the reassertion of power by sub-national units such as region-states (Ohmae, 1993) and municipalities on one hand and the emergence of transnational bodies such as the European Union and North American Free Trade Area on the other, citizens are developing loyalties to a plethora of new agencies.…”