The optical properties of two‐phase polymer systems: Single scattering in monodisperse, non‐absorbing systems

Conaghan, B. F.; Rosen, S. L.

doi:10.1002/pen.760120210

Cited by 40 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…13. Conaghan and Rosen (1972) developed a theory that quantifies the degree of light scattering in a suspension as a function of the refractive indices of the two phases. The theory holds only in the limit of small volume fractions because only single scattering is considered.…”

Section: Experimental Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review

et al. 2010

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Optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) are now routinely used in experimental fluid mechanics to investigate pure fluids or dilute suspensions. For highly concentrated particle suspensions, material turbidity has long been a substantial impediment to these techniques, which explains why they have been scarcely used so far. A renewed interest has emerged with the development of specific methods combining the use of iso-index suspensions and imaging techniques. This review paper gives a broad overview of recent advances in visualization techniques suited to concentrated particle suspensions. In particular, we show how classic methods such as PIV, LDV, particle tracking velocimetry, and laser induced fluorescence can be adapted to deal with concentrated particle suspensions.

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Section: Experimental Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review

et al. 2010

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“…Such a low contribution from pore sizes corresponding to visible light wavelengths is not sufficient to introduce enough scattering of light to make a polymer appear opaque or translucent. 33,34 An explanation for the observed behavior is not therefore at hand at the moment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Scattering theory predicts that a mismatch in refractive indices of 0.1, where the scatterers (polymer particles or pores) are of comparable size to the wavelength of light, would lead to a reduction in transmission of 10%. 33 Smaller or larger polymer particles will scatter less. These results indicate that the effect of the porogen on the transparency of the polymer samples is just within the prediction made.…”

Section: Concluding Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This obviously cannot be regarded as being a match of refractive indices, and it is remarkable that the polymer morphology allows this gap to be bridged. 33 As discussed in the previous section, a difference in refractive indices of 0.13 was sufficient to change a formerly opaque polymer into a transparent one. An explanation for the difference in behavior is not at hand at the moment.…”

Section: Influence Of Porogen/cross-linker Ratio (Polymers C1-c4)mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Transparent Macroporous Polymer Monoliths

1996

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Free-radical polymerization of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) was carried out in the presence of a variety of porogens at room temperature, yielding transparent (macro)porous polymer monoliths. N2 BET and surface area and Hg intrusion porosimetry data from the resulting polymers showed a variety of different pore sizes and pore size distributions. In the latter, three distinct maxima at 13, 50-60, and ∼500 nm were found for small pores (<500 nm) whereas the observed pore size maxima for large pores (>500 nm) did not exhibit any regularity. Variation of initiator concentration, ratio of monomer to porogen, polymerization temperature, and cross-linker had no influence in obtaining transparent monoliths. Correlation of the transparency of the monoliths with the refractive index and solubility parameter of the corresponding porogens led to threshold values for the refractive index (1.42) above which, and for the total solubility parameter (∼20 (MPa) 1/2 ) below which, a transparent polymer monolith is generally obtained, if one allows for exceptions. A correlation between pore size distribution and transparency, however, could not be found.

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“…The dispersed-phase structure of HIPS and ABS causes haze by light scattering at the dispersed phases that are larger than the wavelength of the incident light and have dis similar refractive indices from the matrix [209].…”

Section: Blends Of Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubber–Plastic Blends: Structure–Property Relationship

Datta

2016

Encyclopedia of Polymer Blends

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Blends of rubbers and plastics have both an extensive history and a variety of applications, since blends retain most of the stiffness of thermoplastics and impart some of the resilience and the impact toughness of rubbers. Most useful blends have morphology of rubber dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix since the reverse does not lead to same degree of utility. The properties of these blends depend on the relative ratio of the rubber and the plastic and, more importantly, on the morphology of the dispersion. A very large research effort has been made in an attempt to control and determine the morphology and the interface of the rubber and the plastic as well as understand the effect of the rubber dispersion on the properties of the blend. Blends are important commercially since they allow the development of unique properties from the same constituents with small changes in the relative amounts or the dispersion. The conventional prac tice of blend formation is the melt mixing of the components although, in some cases, a polymerization process that enables the direct production of the binary blend is possible. These direct production processes are efficient since they pro duce the desired morphology and the required polymers in a single step. Blends have become extremely important for the development of polyolefin rubbers and plastics since a large variety can be mixed in a wide composition ratio to produce novel properties. These blends are easily made and have stable dispersion during processing due to only small thermodynamic differences between the various polyolefins compared with engineering thermoplastics. This chapter describes the physics and the chemistry and more importantly the relationship between the structure of the blend and its properties. This area has been continually progressed [1] and reviewed [2]. Progress arises from new materials and new technologies for making rubber-plastic blends. The area of polyethylene blends cited above is an important development. The Encyclopedia of Polymer Blends: Volume 3: Structure, First Edition. Edited by Avraam I. Isayev.

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The optical properties of two‐phase polymer systems: Single scattering in monodisperse, non‐absorbing systems

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review

Refractive-index and density matching in concentrated particle suspensions: a review

Transparent Macroporous Polymer Monoliths

Rubber–Plastic Blends: Structure–Property Relationship

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