The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behavior and Hooliganism

Abstract

Aggression and violence have been a customary part of life that mankind has had to live with from the beginning of time; it has been accepted by society even though it expresses endless negativity. Aggression and violence can find a place in sports events and football games because of the social problems of the audience watching the competitions or games, which sometimes fall into the category of hooliganism. Turkey is one of the countries that should consider this problem to be a serious social problem. Even during 2014 and 2015, a relatively short period of time, there were significant hazardous acts committed by hooligans. In February 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Liverpool and Arsenal in England; in March 2014, a game between Trabzonspor and Fenerbahce was left half-finished because of violent acts in the stadium that caused players in the pitch to believe that they could not leave stadium alive, although they finally left after a few hours; in another incident in March 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Helsingborg and Djugarden in Sweden; in November 2014, one supporter was killed and 14 supporters were injured before the game between Atletico Madrid and Deportivo in Spain. These are all examples of aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football. This paper aims to discuss aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football, especially in recent years, and investigate what can be done to prevent these acts from occurring again in the future by examining them in hindsight.

Kanjuruhan Disaster, Exploring Indonesia Mismanagement Football Match

“…Indeed, the moral context is not directly related to studying football hooliganism. Instead, it is more important to evaluate the following tasks: careful prevention of aggressive and dangerous behavior; stopping such behavior to minimize its effects; enforcing preventive sanctions that are firm, consistent, and effective based on the law (by the severity), such as criminal legal procedures (imprisonment or fines), civil legal procedures (financial compensation for institutions or victims), and administrative legal procedures (restrictions on stadium entry) [22].…”

Comparing Psychopathological Symptoms in Portuguese Football Fans and Non-fans

“…These violent incidents are sometimes interpreted as the result of hooligans' behavior, and other times as complex crowd events [7][8][9]. The concept of hooliganism is very wide, encompassing alcoholized fans and situations involving hundreds of fans [5,10]. The hooligan subculture emerged in the 1960s in England, in gangs of skinheads from disadvantaged urban areas where the street culture was associated with riots and the confrontation between rival neighborhoods [8,11].…”

International legal standards of criminal-legal protection against violence at sports events

“…The reason for this is certainly that social threats of this type affect the national security of states. The popularization of this phenomenon and the interest of both the professional and the lay public is evidenced by a large number of studies published in leading scientific journals, which focus on the victimological and phenomenological aspects of this issue (Tsoukala, Pearson, Coenen 2016;Gumusgul & Acet 2016;Nielsen 2013). The aforementioned, as well as other research on this topic, point to the basic shortcomings in terms of prevention and suppression of these patterns of behaviour, which, for the most part, come down to an inadequate normative framework, at the national and international level, that is, organizational and other failures, the causes of which we will see in to the second part of the text.…”