The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. Thell. grown under two levels of chemical protection and harmfulness of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe to seedlings of selected genotypes

Abstract

Investigations were carried out in 2007–2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. The studies comprised two breeding lines of spelt wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> ssp. <em>spelta</em> L. Thell.) – STH 3 and STH 715. Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation with minimal and complex protection. Infection of winter spelt wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Zadok’s scale). After 3 years of the study, the mean values of disease indexes for the analyzed spelt wheat lines in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 28.53 and 40.30 respectively for STH 3 and STH 715. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after 3 years of the study the mean values of disease indexes ranged from 25.96 (STH 3) to 26.90 (STH 715). The mycological analysis showed that <em>Fusarium</em> spp., especially <em>F. culmorum</em>, caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat in the experimental combination with minimal and complex protection. Moreover, <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em> and <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana</em> caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat. Investigation carried out in a growth chamber on susceptibility of seedlings of three lines of spelt wheat (LO 2/09/n/2, LO 5/09/13/3, LO 5/09/5/4) to infection with <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> No. 8 and <em>F. graminearum</em> No. 45 showed that the genotypes did not differ in their susceptibility. All of them were susceptible, as indicated by high values of the disease indexes. No interaction was found between genotypes and strains of the fungus. This indicates the differential pathogenicity of <em>Fusarium graminearum</em> species.

Identity and prevalence of wheat damping-off fungal pathogens in different fields of Basrah and Maysan provinces

“…Wheat plants are susceptible for different disease pathogens infecting root, leaf and head causing serious diseases and greatly affect productivity all over the world. Root diseases can cause losses of 3 to 4%, depending on the variety, the severity of the disease and the appropriate climate for disease development (Kaur 2016). Additionally, many studies showed that the root disease causes a loss of global yield from 10 to 15% and the fungus Rhizoctonia solani causes loss of yield of 25-100% of the global wheat production every year.…”