Background Wheat is the most consumed cereal crops in the world infected by several pathogens and pests causing significant losses. The most threatening pathogens are fungi which cause serious diseases on roots, leaves and heads as one of the most threatening pathogens in specific wheat-growing countries. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the prevalence of damping-off fungal pathogens in different wheat fields at Basra and Maysan provinces. Results Disease incidence determination and fungal isolation were carried out from two sites at Basra province (Al-Qurna and Al-Madinah) and three sites at Maysan province (Al-Amarah, Kumit, Ali Al Sharqi and Ali Al Gharbi). Al-Qurna fields had the highest disease incidence (32%), while Ali-Alsharqi fields had the lowest one (11%). Fourteen fungal genera were identified. Rhizoctonia solani had the highest appearance (21.6) and frequency (20.20%) percentages followed by Fusarium solani (16.11,14.01) percentages and Macrophomina phaseolina (12.2,11.1) percentages. Seed treatment with R. solani (Rs1 isolate) showed significant decrease in germination (56.6%) compared to F. solani and M. phaseolina treatments. Seed treatment with R. solani (Rs1 isolate) showed significant decrease in germination (56.6%) compared to F. solani and M. phaseolina treatments. Conclusions These results revealed the prevalence of wheat damping-off disease in all examined fields at both Basra and Maysan province; the highest disease incidence was seen in Basra wheat fields (Al-Qurna fields); the identification of fungal pathogens showed that the most isolated fungus was R. solani followed by F. solani and M. phaseolina. Laboratory experiments showed the pathogenicity of isolated fungi which varied according to the isolate type.
This study included an evaluation of the efficacy of bacteria Bacillus subtilis obtained from Biohealth fertilizer to control the disease of eggplant root rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. The survey results showed that the disease was observed in all the subjected sites, which were Btera, Maymouna, Saad River and Greta in Misan province. The disease incidence ranged in the four sites between (15-44%). Several pathogenic fungi were isolated and diagnosed, with the most notable and most frequent appearance (R. solani and F. solani) with (35.29 and 29.41%) and (16.91 and 14.18%), respectively. Four isolates were obtained from the fungus R. solani and three isolates from F. solani. All tested fungal isolates caused significant decrease in the percentage of germination seeds in varying proportions, as well as the infection of eggplant root rot with varying proportions. The use of the bacteria (B. subtilis) led to a decrease in the percent severity of disease, and an increase in the soft and dry weight of the vegetative and root groups, as well as a clear increase in the height of plant, leaf number and leaf area of the eggplant. The use of B. subtilis increased the total phenol content (18.4 and 17.8 mg/ml) compared to the control treatment (16.4mg/ml).
This study was conducted to estimate the level of some heavy metals, mainly Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) in the soil and wheat leaves of some wheat fields in Basra and Maysan province; the sampling areas were Al-Qurna, Al-Madinah, Al-Amara, Kumit, Ali Al-Sharqi, and Ali Al-Gharbi. It was performed the analysis using the Flame Atomic Spectrophotometer. The results indicated an increase in the concentrations of above mentioned these heavy metals in all examined areas; the levels in agricultural soils were found to be exceeding the internationally permissible limits according to EU-2000 standards, the highest levels of pollution were observed at Al- Qurna site with significant differences than other sites for both available and total HMs concentrations in soils. Indicating that the arrangement of the metals according to their available concentrations in the analyzed soil was as follows: lead (21.32 )˃ cobalt (14.63) ˃ chromium (11.06) ˃ cadmium (1.15) as mg/Kg of soil. Additionally, results showed that the highest lead content in the wheat leaves was examined in the Qurna fields (0.175 mg/kg), followed by Amara with a concentration of 0.136 mg/kg. The lowest concentration of lead was observed in wheat leaves in the Kumit fields (0.007 mg/kg). In terms of Cd concentration in wheat leaves, the highest level was observed in Al-Qurna, with a significant difference from other fields, reaching 0.009 mg/kg. The lowest concentration of this HM was recorded in Ali Al-Gharbi, which reached 0.002 mg/kg. The results of the correlation between the available concentration of heavy metals elements and soil characteristics revealed a significant correlation between the soil pH and lead, cadmium, and chromium available concentrations, whereas no correlation with cobalt and a significant correlation between soil EC and lead was observed and a highly significant negative correlation with the cobalt. Results proved the high levels of pollution in all examined areas in Basra and Maysan provinces.
Abstract. Madhi QH, Abass MH, Matrood AAA. 2021. The efficiency of some bioagent fungi in reduction of wheat seed decay and seedling damping-off disease with heavy metals interaction. Biodiversitas 22: 3984-3993. Biological control is an ecofriendly efficient measurement for disease control and heavy metals reduction in soils. The use of bioagent fungi such as Trichoderma koningii and Chaetomum globosum reduced the negative effect of pathogenic fungi that cause seed decay and the seedlings damping off wheat alone or by interaction with the concentrations of lead or cadmium, which increases the germination percentage of wheat seeds and reducing seedling damping off. It also reduced the severity index of wheat with pathogenic fungi and reduced the negative effect of interaction between heavy metals and pathogenic fungi on the severity index of the wheat. Results showed that T. koningii and C. globosum reduced the effect of the interaction of R. solani with 200 mg/kg lead to 57.7 and 55.4%, respectively and R. solani and cadmium 3 mg/kg with 60 and 61.6%, respectively. T. koningii and C. globosum also reduced the effect of the interaction F.solani with lead 200 mg/kg to 45.4 and 48.5%, respectively and F. solani and cadmium 3 mg/kg to 46.8 and 52.5% respectively. The bioagent fungi also increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system, T. koningii significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of shoot in the presence of R. solani. The results also indicated that there was a high significant difference in the use of C. globosum in increasing the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system. T. koningii and C. globosum significantly reduced the effect of interaction between the pathogenic fungi and low concentrations of lead and cadmium leading to an increase in the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root system. They also increased the plant height in the presence of pathogenic fungi as well as reducing the negative effect of the interaction between heavy metals and pathogenic fungi in the height of wheat plants. No significant interaction was observed between the low concentrations of lead and cadmium and pathogenic fungi in the presence of bioagent fungi. The results exhibited that bioagent fungi can reduce the negative effect of interaction of pathogenic fungi with lead and cadmium on the total phenols content of wheat leaves, and no significant difference was recorded in the treatment of low concentrations with the pathogenic fungi. Results showed that bioagent fungi can reduce the negative effect of the interaction of pathogenic fungi with lead and cadmium on the total phenols content of wheat plant leaves. No significant differences were recorded in the treatment of low concentrations with the pathogenic fungi in the presence of bioagent fungi. The two bioagent fungi increased the concentration of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids reduced anthocyanin in leaves, and increased chlorophyll stability index compared to the control treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.