The Nonpeptide Low Molecular Mass Toxins from Spider Venoms

Gomes, Paulo César; Palma, Mário Sérgio

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_14

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition, differences in the quantity and quality of venom are affected by different intrinsic factors (e.g., hunger level, Hayes, 1993; life‐history stage; Herzig, 2010), metabolic rate (Kowalski & Rychlik, 2018), hormone concentration (Gomes & Palma, 2016; Lira et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017), body size (Fox, 2018; Rocha‐e‐Silva et al., 2009), genes (Case well et al., 2013; Hargreaves et al., 2014), sex (Zobel‐Thropp et al., 2018), and/or ontogeny (Boevé et al., 1995). For example, sexual dimorphism in venom profiles is seen in the orb‐weaver, Tetragnatha versicolor , which is thought to play a role in sexual communication (Zobel‐Thropp et al., 2018), while venom composition in the tarantula Phlogius crassipes changes during development from the juvenile stage through to adulthood and continues to change throughout adulthood (Santana et al., 2017).…”

Section: Proximate Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, differences in the quantity and quality of venom are affected by different intrinsic factors (e.g., hunger level, Hayes, 1993;life-history stage;Herzig, 2010), metabolic rate (Kowalski & Rychlik, 2018), hormone concentration (Gomes & Palma, 2016;Lira et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2017), body size (Fox, 2018;Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009), genes (Case well et al, 2013;Hargreaves et al, 2014), sex (Zobel-Thropp et al, 2018), and/or ontogeny (Boevé et al, 1995).…”

Section: Venom Properties and Personality In Spidersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors

Duran

Wilson

Briffa

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Spiders are useful models for testing different hypotheses and methodologies relating to animal personality and behavioral syndromes because they show a range of behavioral types and unique physiological traits (e.g., silk and venom) that are not observed in many other animals. These characteristics allow for a unique understanding of how physiology, behavioral plasticity, and personality interact across different contexts to affect spider's individual fitness and survival. However, the relative effect of extrinsic factors on physiological traits (silk, venom, and neurohormones) that play an important role in spider survival, and which may impact personality, has received less attention. The goal of this review is to explore how the environment, experience, ontogeny, and physiology interact to affect spider personality types across different contexts. We highlight physiological traits, such as neurohormones, and unique spider biochemical weapons, namely silks and venoms, to explore how the use of these traits might, or might not, be constrained or limited by particular behavioral types. We argue that, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the flexibility and persistence of specific behavioral types in spiders, it is necessary to incorporate these underlying mechanisms into a synthesized whole, alongside other extrinsic and intrinsic factors.

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Section: Proximate Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Venom Properties and Personality In Spidersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors

Duran

Wilson

Briffa

et al. 2021

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The setup of the website was started with an extensive literature search including reviews on low molecular mass compounds found in spider venom [2][3][4][5][6][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The SciFinder and Google Scholar search platforms were screened for references related to "spider venom" and the results were refined with the terms "acylpolyamine", "acetylpolyamine", "low molecular compound", or "small compound".…”

Section: Data Curationmentioning

confidence: 99%

VenoMS—A Website for the Low Molecular Mass Compounds in Spider Venoms

Forster

Reusser²,

Forster³

et al. 2020

Metabolites

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Spider venoms are highly complex mixtures. Numerous spider venom metabolites are uniquely found in spider venoms and are of interest concerning their potential use in pharmacology, agriculture, and cosmetics. A nontargeted ultra-high performance high-resolution electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS) approach offers a resource-saving way for the analysis of crude spider venom. However, the identification of known as well as the structure elucidation of unknown low molecular mass spider venom compounds based on their MS/MS spectra is challenging because (1) acylpolyamine toxins are exclusively found in spider and wasp venom, (2) reference MS/MS spectra are missing in established mass spectrometry databases, and (3) trivial names for the various toxin metabolites are used in an inconsistent way in literature. Therefore, we introduce the freely accessible MS website for low molecular mass spider venom metabolites, venoMS, containing structural information, MS/MS spectra, and links to related literature. Currently the database contains the structures of 409 acylpolyamine toxins, 36 free linear polyamines, and 81 additional spider venom metabolites. Implemented into this website is a fragment ion calculator (FRIOC) that allows us to predict fragment ions of linear polyamine derivatives. With three metabolites from the venom of the spider Agelenopsis aperta, it was demonstrated how the new website can support the structural elucidation of acylpolyamines using their MS/MS spectra.

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“…Acylpolyamines are non-peptide organic molecules of low molecular weight (> 1000 Da) and represent the most abundant component of spider venom [ 12 ]. The combination of techniques, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, are important for the characterization of the chemical structure of acylpolyamines [ 13 ]. Currently, the structure of 409 acylpolyamines is available in the venoMS database [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acylpolyamines are recognized for their neuromodulatory activity on the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates, mainly antagonizing glutamate receptors and selectively blocking cationic channels [ 12 , 13 ]. However, some studies have shown that acylpolyamines may have other biological activities, such as antimicrobial action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial activity and partial chemical structure of acylpolyamines isolated from the venom of the spider Acanthoscurria natalensis

Barth

Silva

Santos

et al. 2022

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Background: Acylpolyamines are one of the main non-peptide compounds present in spider venom and represent a promising alternative in the search for new molecules with antimicrobial action. Methods: The venom of Acanthoscurria natalensis spider was fractionated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the antimicrobial activity of the fractions was tested using a liquid growth inhibition assay. The main antimicrobial fraction containing acylpolyamines (ApAn) was submitted to two additional chromatographic steps and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Fractions of interest were accumulated for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and ESI-MS/MS analysis and for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic activity determination. Results: Five acylpolyamines were isolated from the venom with molecular masses between 614 Da and 756 Da, being named ApAn728, ApAn614a, ApAn614b, ApAn742 and ApAn756. The analysis of UV absorption profile of each ApAn and the fragmentation pattern obtained by ESI-MS/MS suggested the presence of a tyrosyl unit as chromophore and a terminal polyamine chain consistent with structural units PA43 or PA53. ApAn presented MIC between 128 µM and 256 µM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , without causing hemolysis against mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and non-hemolytic properties of the analyzed ApAn may be relevant for their application as possible therapeutic agents and the identification of an unconventional chromophore for spider acylpolyamines suggests an even greater chemical diversity.

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The Nonpeptide Low Molecular Mass Toxins from Spider Venoms

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors

Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors

VenoMS—A Website for the Low Molecular Mass Compounds in Spider Venoms

Antimicrobial activity and partial chemical structure of acylpolyamines isolated from the venom of the spider Acanthoscurria natalensis

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