Fungi from the widely distributed genus Trichoderma are of great biotechnological interest, being currently used in a vast range of applications. Here, we report that high-molecular weight fraction (HWF) derived from Trichoderma asperelloides ethanolic extract exhibits antibiotic activity against staphylococcal biofilms. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of T. asperelloides extracts were evaluated by well-established assays in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC strains (29213 and 6538) and in one clinical isolate from bovine mastitis. The HWF from T. asperelloides eradicated S. aureus by causing substantial matrix de-structuring and biomass reduction (p < 10−5) at concentrations as low as 2.3 μg mL-1. Additionally, we present ultra-structure analysis by the use of scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission microscopy, which showed that T. asperelloides killed cells through cell wall and membrane disturbance. Remarkably, the HWF from T. asperelloides killed S. aureus and eradicated its biofilms in a greater performance than gentamicin (p < 10−5), a known potent antibiotic against S. aureus. Our results indicate that extract from T. asperelloides may represent a promising candidate for the development of new antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria.
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial-temporal changes of chemical elements in the surface waters of the Cachoeira River in order to evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic activities in water quality; Methods: Samples were collected monthly between August 2008 and August 2009 at six collection points along the river. The abiotic parameters dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature were performed in the field using portable digital meters; concentration of ions nitrite (NO ) were determined by ion chromatography and bicarbonate (HCO 3 -) was calculated by a model of ionic associations originated from alkalinity values; Results: The spatial variations showed that anthropogenic activities and land use changes (cocoa crops and pasture) appear to be the major factors influencing the distribution of nutrients in the Cachoeira River; however, lithology seems to be the factor influencing the major ions; Conclusions: Variations in ion concentrations were directly related to drought and rainy periods, the geological formation, and the various land uses. The lack of treatment of domestic wastes and their incorrect disposal in water bodies has significantly contributed to the aggravation of environmental problems and consequently the health of the population.Keywords: watershed, hydrogeochemical, Cachoeira River.Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as variações espaço temporais da química das águas superficiais do Rio Cachoeira a fim de estabelecer os impactos das atividades antropogênicas na qualidade da água; Métodos: As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente entre agosto de 2008 e agosto de 2009 em seis pontos de coleta ao longo do rio. Os parâmetros abióticos oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica e temperatura foram determinados através de medidores portáteis no campo; a concentração dos íons nitrito (NO 2 -), nitrato (NO 3 -), amônia (NH 4 + ), fosfato (PO 4 -), sódio (Na + ), cálcio (Ca +2 ), potássio (K + ), cloreto (Cl -), magnésio (Mg +2 ), sulfato (SO 4 -2 ) através da cromatografia iônica e o bicarbonato (HCO 3 -) através da alcalinidade; Resultados: Os resultados referentes a variação espacial no Rio Cachoeira demonstraram que as atividades antropogênicas e os diferentes cultivos ao longo da bacia (cultivo de cacau e pastagem) são os principais fatores que influenciam na distribuição dos nutrientes (N e P). No entanto, a litologia parece ser o principal responsável pelas concentrações dos íons maiores, não havendo diferenças entre os pontos de coleta; Conclusões: As variações das concentrações dos íons foram diretamente relacionadas aos períodos mais secos e mais chuvosos, a formação geológica e aos diversos usos da terra. A ausência do tratamento de resíduos domésticos e seu despejo impróprio nos corpos de água têm contribuído para o agravamento dos problemas ambientais e consequentemente à saúde da população.Palavras-chave: bacia hidrográfica, hidrogeoquímica, Rio Cachoeira.
Background: Acylpolyamines are one of the main non-peptide compounds present in spider venom and represent a promising alternative in the search for new molecules with antimicrobial action. Methods: The venom of Acanthoscurria natalensis spider was fractionated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the antimicrobial activity of the fractions was tested using a liquid growth inhibition assay. The main antimicrobial fraction containing acylpolyamines (ApAn) was submitted to two additional chromatographic steps and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Fractions of interest were accumulated for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and ESI-MS/MS analysis and for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic activity determination. Results: Five acylpolyamines were isolated from the venom with molecular masses between 614 Da and 756 Da, being named ApAn728, ApAn614a, ApAn614b, ApAn742 and ApAn756. The analysis of UV absorption profile of each ApAn and the fragmentation pattern obtained by ESI-MS/MS suggested the presence of a tyrosyl unit as chromophore and a terminal polyamine chain consistent with structural units PA43 or PA53. ApAn presented MIC between 128 µM and 256 µM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , without causing hemolysis against mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and non-hemolytic properties of the analyzed ApAn may be relevant for their application as possible therapeutic agents and the identification of an unconventional chromophore for spider acylpolyamines suggests an even greater chemical diversity.
Embora as informações sobre sexualidade e contracepção pareçam estar bastante disponíveis entre os adolescentes, a gravidez precoce ainda é um problema de saúde pública e de grandes impactos sociais. Nesse sentido, a escola desempenha um papel fundamental, não apenas na compreensão de processos biológicos, como também na conscientização do sujeito sobre os aspectos de cidadania e construção de uma sociedade sustentável. No seguinte relato apresentamos nossa experiência acerca projeto de extensão intitulado “Despertando a consciência para o impacto individual e social da maternidade/paternidade na adolescência”, desenvolvido em uma escola pública do município de Ilhéus-BA. Visamos realizar atividades de conscientização da gravidez precoce, em três encontros, dispondo da utilização de métodos lúdicos, oficina, debates e avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa sobre o tema, bem como sensibilizar para o desenvolvimento de outras atividades importantes a serem focadas no processo da infância/adolescência. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gravidez precoce, Educação em saúde, Cidadania.
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