The molecular mechanism behind bone remodelling: a review

Proff, Peter; Römer, Piero

doi:10.1007/s00784-009-0268-2

Cited by 146 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The second, and most problematic issue, is that bones experiencing mechanical loading are subject to remodeling throughout the life of the individual [56]. Consequently, individual asymmetry of a trait can change over time [57].…”

Section: Skeletal Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Graham

Özener

2016

Symmetry

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Fluctuating asymmetry, the random deviation from perfect symmetry, is a widely used population-level index of developmental instability, developmental noise, and robustness. It reflects a population's state of adaptation and genomic coadaptation. Here, we review the literature on fluctuating asymmetry of human populations. The most widely used bilateral traits include skeletal, dental, and facial dimensions; dermatoglyphic patterns and ridge counts; and facial shape. Each trait has its advantages and disadvantages, but results are most robust when multiple traits are combined into a composite index of fluctuating asymmetry (CFA). Both environmental (diet, climate, toxins) and genetic (aneuploidy, heterozygosity, inbreeding) stressors have been linked to population-level variation in fluctuating asymmetry. In general, these stressors increase average fluctuating asymmetry. Nevertheless, there have been many conflicting results, in part because (1) fluctuating asymmetry is a weak signal in a sea of noise; and (2) studies of human fluctuating asymmetry have not always followed best practices. The most serious concerns are insensitive asymmetry indices (correlation coefficient and coefficient of indetermination), inappropriate size scaling, unrecognized mixture distributions, inappropriate corrections for directional asymmetry, failure to use composite indices, and inattention to measurement error. Consequently, it is often difficult (or impossible) to compare results across traits, and across studies.

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Section: Skeletal Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Graham

Özener

2016

Symmetry

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“…Osteoclastogenesis precedes with the expression of RANKL by bone lining cells, which in turn binds to the RANK that exists as a surface receptor on the membrane of preosteoclasts. The receptor-ligand binding promotes an intricate and distinct signaling cascade for osteoclast activation and commitment [21,22]. The expression of RANKL is up-regulated in the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and vitamin D, whereas transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and estrogens have an opposite effect.…”

Section: Bone Remodelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone as a source of organism vitality and regeneration

Mackiewicz¹,

Niklińska²,

Kowalewska³

et al. 2012

Folia Histochem Cytobiol.

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Abstract:The most important features that determine the vital role of bone include: a) a continuous supply of calcium, which is indispensible for every cell of the entire organism at all times, and b) the delivery of circulating blood cells and some adult stem cells to keep the body vigorous, ready for self-reparation, and continuously rebuilding throughout life. These functions of bones are no less important than protecting the body cavities, serving as mechanical levers connected to the muscles, and determining the shape and dimensions of the entire organism. The aim of this review was to address some basic cellular and molecular knowledge to better understand the complex interactions of bone structural components. The apprehension of osteoblast differentiation and its local regulation has substantially increased in recent years. It has been suggested that osteocytes, cells within the bone matrix, act as regulatory mechanosensors. Therefore immobility as well as limited activity has a dramatic effect on bone structure and influences a broad spectrum of bone physiology-related functions as well as the functions of many other organs. Lifelong bone rebuilding is modulated through several pathways, including the Wnt pathway that regulates bone formation and resorption. In the adult skeleton, bone is continuously renewed in response to a variety of stimuli, such as the specific process of remodeling dependent on RANK/ /RANKL/OPG interactions. Better understanding of bone biology provides opportunities for the development of more effective prevention and treatment modalities for a variety of bone diseases, including new approaches to adult stem cell-based therapies.

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“…This process is important to maintain the stability and integrity of the skeleton (Proff and Römer, 2009). It occurs in small packs of cells called basic multicellular unit (BMUs) which comprises osteoclasts and osteoblasts (Hill and Orth, 1998).…”

Section: Bone Turnovermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…osteoclasts (Boyce and Xing, 2008). The osteoclast progenitors differentiate into osteoclasts and start breaking down bone and liberating bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and insulin-like growth factor II, which will then stimulate osteoblast cells (Proff and Römer, 2009). The transition from the resorption phase to formation is comprised by the reversal phase where there is a discontinuation of osteoclast action by apoptosis followed by the differentiation of osteoblast precursors into active osteoblasts (Hill and Orth, 1998).…”

Section: Bone Turnovermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensatory and catch-up growth in cattle

Silva¹

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Variation in nutrition leads to periods of restricted and accelerated changes in the liveweight of cattle, but less is known about the effect of level of nutrition and/or specific nutrients on skeletal growth. The endochondral ossification process at the epiphyseal growth plate drives longitudinal bone growth and by inference sets growth in skeletal muscle via a passive stretch mechanism. The physiological and morphological mechanism behind animal growth that drives adaptation of mammals during the transition from a low to high plane of nutrition remains a major biological question. Two experiments examined the effect of protein and energy on skeletal growth the perspective of the dimensional changes, trabecular bone remodelling (histology and bone biomarkers) and hormone. Data was then collated from these and other experiments conducted within this laboratory to develop a growth curve in liveweight-for-hip height of well-fed cattle and to identify deviations from this "normal" growth relationship.In the first experiment (Chapter 4), the effects of low and high crude protein (CP) content diets during metabolizable energy (ME) restriction on subsequent re-alimentation in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle were evaluated. Three treatment diets were applied; a control diet (High CP-High ME) and two restricted pair-fed ME intake diets differing in CP content (Low CP-Low ME and High CP-Low ME) for 93 days followed by re-alimentation of all treatment groups offered ad libitum access to the High CP-High ME diet for 103 days. In the second experiment (Chapter 5), a 2 x 5 factorial design was used to determine the effect of supplementation (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 g protein meal/kg LW.day) of a low CP hay during the first dry season (169 days) and weaning weight [Early (118 kg) vs. Normal (183 kg)] on longterm (~2 years) growth in liveweight and the skeleton and reproduction of replacement heifers in northern Australia. After the first dry season all treatment groups were subjected to the same level of nutrition by grazing the same pasture together.Across both experiments, higher plane of nutrition increased liveweight gain and skeletal elongation growth. Increases in ME and CP intake in cattle were positively associated with the height of proliferative and hypertrophic zones as well as with the diameter of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes measured in growth plate biopsies of the tuber coxae. In addition, the diameter of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes showed significant correlation with the broader measure of hip height gain in both experiments. Plasma bone-specific alkaline iii phosphatase and pyridinoline appeared to be effective bone biomarkers of formation and resorption in growing cattle respectively. Low ME intake severely reduced the plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration in cattle, independent of CP intake. Cattle with the higher CP intake during ME restriction had higher concentration of triiodothyronine in the plasma and this was correlated with larger terminal hypertrophic chondroc...

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The molecular mechanism behind bone remodelling: a review

Cited by 146 publications

References 75 publications

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Bone as a source of organism vitality and regeneration

Compensatory and catch-up growth in cattle

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