2007
DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2006.12.008
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The medical consequences of narghile (hookah, shisha) use in the world

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Cited by 48 publications
(67 citation statements)
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“…Waterpipe smoking is the oldest form of tobacco smoking and is traditionally prevalent in the Middle East [1]. It is estimated that around 100 million people, especially adolescents, use this method of smoking [2][3][4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Waterpipe smoking is the oldest form of tobacco smoking and is traditionally prevalent in the Middle East [1]. It is estimated that around 100 million people, especially adolescents, use this method of smoking [2][3][4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it is established that shisha smoke contains the same toxicants as cigarette smoke (Shihadeh, 2003;Shihadeh and Saleh, 2005). Not surprisingly, carbon monoxide is found in shisha users' breath Ward et al, 2006;Chaouachi, 2007) and nicotine is found in shisha users' blood ; blood nicotine of a daily shisha user is of the similar level to that of an individual who smokes cigarettes every day (Maziak et al, 2004;Neergaard et al, 2007). Shisha smoking leads to substantial health harm including cancer, cardiovascular disease, decreased pulmonary function and nicotine dependence (Jabbour et al, 2003;Maziak et al, 2004;Knishkowy et al, 2005;Ward et al, 2006).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, hookah tobacco packages are devoid of health warning labels (21). Indeed, the full complement of hookah tobacco ingredients are unknown (22).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%