The margin has many sides: Diversity among gay and homosexually active men in Lima

Sexual Identity Formation and AIDS Prevention: An Exploratory Study of Non-Gay-Identified Puerto Rican MSM from Working Class Neighborhoods

“…Over the past 30 years, homosexuality and sexual cultures among men of Latin American descent have been examined through research anchored in the work of anthropologist Joseph Carrier (Carrier, 1976(Carrier, , 1989, and extended by social scientists and epidemiologists (Caceres & Rosasco, 1999;Carrillo, 1999;Parker & Caceres, 1999). Some of the more recent studies describe diverse responses of Latino MSM to rapid modernization and globalization, and to the ideas and media from the United States and Europe that have accompanied these processes.…”

Implementation and evaluation of an HIV/STD intervention in Peru

“…Within the barrio, they frequently have sex with heterosexually identified men to whom they might provide gifts, money, alcohol, or clothes in exchange. In general, the social and sexual roles and identities of these men mirror a hetero-normative definition of homosexuality still common in lower income population segments in Peru (Cáceres et al,1999). While these men tend to assume stereotypical and traditional feminine gender and sexual roles (being the receptive or "passive" sex partner), there is tremendous diversity within this group regarding how they present themselves.…”

“…Based on data from previous studies (Cáceres et al,1997;Cáceres et al,1999;Tabet et al, 2002;Altamirano et al,2003) and our own epidemiological and formative ethnographic research (Konda et al,2005;Salazar et al,2005;Salazar et al, in press), this trial targets men and women belonging to three poor and marginalized population segments at greatest risk for HIV and STDs 1 . These segments are:…”

Globalization, Structural Violence, and LGBT Health: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

“…In the developing world, much of this literature has focused on processes that have been stimulated by the extension of industrialization and capitalist economic restructuring in a wide range of societies-as much in Latin America, Asia, and Africa as in the more extensively researched societies of western Europe or North America (Altman, 1989;Parker, 1999;Drucker, 2000;Appadurai, 2001). These studies have demonstrated that certain expressions of global capitalism have led to the transnational spread of identities, meanings, and terms of Western notions of LGBT identity in a broad range of societies, including, for example, Argentina (Pecheny, 2001;Brown, 2002), Brazil (Parker 1999(Parker , 2002, Chile (Frasca, 1997(Frasca, , 2003, China (Wah-shan, 2000), the Dominican Republic (Padilla, 2007, in press), India (Reddy, 2004), Indonesia (Wieringa, 1994(Wieringa, , 1995, Mexico (Carrier, 1995(Carrier, , 1999Carrillo, 1999Carrillo, , 2002, Namibia (Croucher, 2002), Peru (Cáceres, 1996;Cáceres & Rosasco, 1999), Senegal (Teunis, 1998), South Africa (Gevisser & Cameron, 1995;Donham, 1998;Phillips, 2000Phillips, , 2004, Taiwan (Chao, 2000), or Thailand (Jackson, 1997(Jackson, , 2000Jackson & Cook, 2000). Despite this diverse literature, relatively less attention has been placed on what has been described as "dependent development and gay identity" (Parker & Caceres, 1999), in which the shape of these appropriated cultural forms and identities is analyzed within local and global systems of power and inequality.…”