The magnitude of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among HIV-positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinics of Butajira General Hospital, Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the magnitude of undiagnosed hypertension, and its associated factors among adult HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Butajira General Hospital, southern Ethiopia. Methods: We applied an institutional-based cross-sectional study design at Butajira General Hospital from 1 May to 1 July 2021. We used a systematic random sampling technique to select the total number of participants. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to collect the data (sociodemographic characteristics, clinical-related factors, and lifestyle-related factors from the study participants. Data were entered using Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed by statistical package for social science version 25. We applied a multivariable logistic regression analysis model to identify variables significantly associated with hypertension. Results: The study comprised 388 participants with 39 years (10.6 SD) as the mean age of the participants. Of the total participants, 235 (60.6%) were female. In this study the magnitude of undiagnosed hypertension among HIV-positive patients was 18.8% (95% CI: 14.7%–23.2%). Having comorbidity of diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio = 5.29, 95% CI: 2.154, 12.99), habit of alcohol drinking (adjusted odds ratio = 2.909, 95% CI: 1.306, 6.481), duration of antiretroviral therapy ⩾ 5 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.087, 95% CI: 1.558, 6.115), and age ⩾ 40 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.642, 95% CI: 1.450, 4.813) were factors significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusions and recommendations: The magnitude of undiagnosed hypertension among HIV-positive patients attending the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Butajira General Hospital is high. The findings of this study implied that HIV-positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinics should be monitored routinely for hypertension; especially participants aged ⩾40 years, highly active antiretroviral therapy duration ⩾5 years, having diabetes mellitus comorbidity need more attention. Primary healthcare integration is also vital to enhance the health of HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy.

Undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…All of the included studies were cross‐sectional 13–17,20,22,23,33–35 13,15,22,33,34 two studies were done in Addis Ababa (AA), 20,23 two studies were done in Oromia region, 17,35 and the remaining two studies were done in Amhara region 14,16 …”

“…All of the included studies were cross‐sectional 13–17,20,22,23,33–35 13,15,22,33,34 two studies were done in Addis Ababa (AA), 20,23 two studies were done in Oromia region, 17,35 and the remaining two studies were done in Amhara region 14,16 15–17,20,23,33,35 ; whereas the remaining four studies used the ≥130/80 mmHg blood pressure threshold for diagnosing hypertension 13,14,22,34 .…”

“…Five studies were done in southern nations nationalities and peoples region (SNNPR), 13,15,22,33,34 two studies were done in Addis Ababa (AA), 20,23 two studies were done in Oromia region, 17,35 and the remaining two studies were done in Amhara region 14,16 15–17,20,23,33,35 ; whereas the remaining four studies used the ≥130/80 mmHg blood pressure threshold for diagnosing hypertension 13,14,22,34 . On the other hand, eight studies were done on the general population (community), 13,15–17,23,33–35 but the remaining three studies were done on specific populations (Bank workers 14 and HIV‐positive patients 20,22 ).…”

“…In this study, the primary outcome was a prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension; and the secondary outcome of interest was factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension. U ndiagnosed hypertension was defined as a person having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 130 or 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 80 or 90 mmHg, for which it was not diagnosed before the measurement and/not told them by health care provider that they have it 13,16,22 . The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was measured by dividing the total number of events (participants having undiagnosed hypertension) by the total number of interviewed participants.…”

“…14,16 Seven studies used the ≥140/90 mmHg blood pressure threshold for hypertension [15][16][17]20,23,33,35 ; whereas the remaining four studies used the ≥130/80 mmHg blood pressure threshold for diagnosing hypertension. 13,14,22,34 On the other hand, eight studies were done on the general population (community), 13,[15][16][17]23,[33][34][35] but the remaining three studies were done on specific populations (Bank workers 14 and HIV-positive patients 20,22 ). Finally, nine studies were published, 13,14,16,17,22,23,[33][34][35] one study was an MSc thesis, 20 and the left one paper was an MSc thesis preprint.…”