The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society.

Oyserman, Daphna

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.993

Cited by 317 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Collectivism (COL) was measured with a seven-item, 5-point Likert-type scale adapted from Oyserman (1993). The items were "I feel a strong sense of belonging to the Jewish people," "As a Jew my values may be different from those of others," "I feel a strong attachment to the Jewish people," "If a person knows I am a Jew, he or she will know a lot about me," "To understand who I am, you have to see me with other Jewish people," "Willingness to take action to help the Jewish people is a sign of maturity," and "When I hear about political events, my first thought is about how this might impact the Jews."…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individualism (IND) was measured with a sevenitem, 5-point Likert-type scale adapted from Oyserman (1993). The items were "I am different from everyone else, unique," "Decisions I make on my own are the best," "My achievements are central to who I am," "If I like an idea, I don't care what anyone else thinks about it," "Others cannot know me as I know myself," "I expect that my work will be central to my identity," and "It is important to me to have my own opinions."…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Success in a collectivist context is represented as sensitive fulfillment of one's duties and obligations toward one's in-group (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Oyserman & Markus, 1993Singalis, 1994;Triandis, 1995). Within a collectivist world view, the social group and the social roles emanating from the group are understood to be the basic unit such that collaboration flows more naturally within the in-group and competition seems part of the definition of out-group membership (Oyserman, 1993). One's relationships are set by one's group memberships and social roles, and these carry with them obligations that are not necessarily based on questions of equity.…”

Section: Collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relational schemas (e.g., Baldwin, 1992) that make sense within a collectivistic frame deal with obligations to the ingroup and specific members of the in-group. To the extent that an individual is viewed as an out-group member, relational schemas may be of a completely different sort such that social obligation would be minimal or nonexistent, replaced by a sense of competition or conflict (e.g., Oyserman, 1993;Triandis, 1995). Collectivism carries with it a sense of nested in-groupness; depending on the context the group may be restricted to family, clan, ethnic group, or nation (Triandis, 1995).…”

Section: Collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The terms individualism and collectivism describe differences in social representations of personhood (e.g., Oyserman, 1993;Schweder & Bourne, 1984;Triandis, 1995). Individualism carries with it representations of a successful person as one who develops personal goals, works to attain them, and knows how to have fun and how to enjoy him or herself.…”

Section: Individualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural accommodation: Hybridity and the framing of social obligation.

Oyserman¹,

Sakamoto²,

Lauffer³

1998

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Implications of cultural accommodation-hybridization were explored within the framework of individualism-collectivism. Individualism highlights the personal and centralizes individuals as the unit of analyses, whereas collectivism highlights the social and contextualizes individuals as parts of connected social units. In 2 experiments, the ways in which individualism, collectivism, and identity salience influence social obligation to diverse others was explored. The authors varied the personal goal interrupted (achievement-pleasure), the target (individual-group), and focus (in-group-larger society) of social obligation within subjects. The authors hypothesized that collectivism would increase obligation to the in-group when identity was made salient; that individualism alone would dampen social obligation; and that cultural accommodation-hybridization (being high in both individualism and collectivism) would increase obligation to larger society. If America works, it will be a place where thousands of cultures express themselves. (Meter, 1987) Although one's everyday choices may appear on the surface to be idiosyncratic-the result of highly personalized goals, desires, and motivations-the field of cultural psychology suggests that these choices may in fact be colored by one's social representations of what it means to be a successful person, a good or moral person, a person of worth (e.g., Kagitcibasi, 1996; Oyserman & Markus, 1993). The ways individuals organize experience, what seems right, natural arid of worth, how individuals make sense of themselves, one's goals and motivations, all importantly depend on the ways these concepts are socially represented both generally within a society and specifi

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Individualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural accommodation: Hybridity and the framing of social obligation.

Oyserman¹,

Sakamoto²,

Lauffer³

1998

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Individualism versus collectivism or versus authoritarianism?

Gelfand

Triandis

Chan

1996

Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.

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Although there has been progress in the definition, antecedents, and consequences of individualism and collectivism, there are some fundamental issues that need to be resolved. This study examined two such issues: the dimensionality of individualism and collectivism, and the relationship of these constructs to authoritarianism. Thirty‐eight American undergraduates judged the similarity among 15 concepts that have previously been shown to be reflective of elements of individualism, collectivism, and authoritarianism. Multidimensional scaling revealed two dimensions: individualism versus authoritarianism and active collectivism versus withdrawal from group involvement. Unlike the conception by Hofstede (1980) that individualism and collectivism are opposites, these results strongly suggest they are orthogonal. Furthermore, authoritarianism was construed as the opposite of individualism. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

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