The isolation of glucose tolerance factors from brewer's yeast and their relationship to chromium

Davies, Diana M.; Holdsworth, E. S.; Sherriff, Jill

doi:10.1016/0006-2944(85)90004-3

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Several studies demonstrated that the insulin potentiation of glucose oxidation was not dependent on Cr at all. Activity has been ascribed to aspartate and adenine [35], ornithine and ε-N-glutaryllysine [36], mixtures of arginine-and lysine-containing peptides that potentiated glucose metabolism by acting as nitrogen sources for the yeast [37], and alanine and hyperosmolarity [38]. The observation that "GTF" does not ultimately contain Cr is still consistent with Mertz's original observation that acid hydrolysis did not destroy biological activity [5].…”

Section: The Chromium-glucose Tolerance Factor: Where Is the Chromium?supporting

confidence: 61%

Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Stearns

2000

BioFactors

127

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If chromium is an essential metal it must have a specific role in an enzyme or cofactor, and a deficiency should produce a disease or impairment of function. To date, no chromium-containing glucose tolerance factor has been characterized, the purpose of the low-molecular-weight chromium-binding protein is questionable, and no direct interaction between chromium and insulin has been found. Furthermore, chromium3+ is treated like the toxic metals arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in animals. Chromium3+ may be involved in chromium6+-induced cancers because chromium6+ is converted to chromium3+ in vivo, and chromium3+ is genotoxic and mutagenic. Although there is no direct evidence of chromium deficiencies in humans, dietary supplements exist to provide supraphysiological doses of absorbable chromium3+. Chromium3+ may act clinically by interfering with iron absorption, decreasing the high iron stores that are linked to diabetes and heart disease. If so, this would make chromium3+ a pharmacological agent, not an essential metal.

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Section: The Chromium-glucose Tolerance Factor: Where Is the Chromium?supporting

confidence: 61%

Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Stearns

2000

BioFactors

127

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“…GTF potentiated glucose oxidation to CO2 in adipose tissue [54,60], or adipocytes [53,61]. In those studies the enhancement was shown only in the presence of insulin, and the stimulation of CO2 production by GTF in the absence of insulin was negligible [53,54,60,61].…”

Section: Grant and Mcmullenmentioning

confidence: 91%

Glucose Tolerance Factor – Insulin Mimetic and Potentiating Agent – A Source for a Novel Anti Diabetic Medication

Mirsky¹

2012

Glucose Tolerance

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“…This proposal, which has been reiterated numerous times in reviews and textbooks as the structure of the biologically active form of chromium, "GTF," clearly has absolutely no basis. Finally, Cr 3+ has been demonstrated repeatedly to be separable from agents in yeast responsible for in vitro stimulation of glucose metabolism in adipocytes [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Studies of the Nutritional Supplement Chromium(III) Nicotinate

Rhodes

Konovalova

Liang

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Despite chromium nicotinate's popular use as a chromium nutritional supplement, the structure and composition of chromium nicotinate have only been poorly described. As solid chromium nicotinate is intractable, being insoluble or unstable in common solvents, studies on the solid have been limited, and studies of the solution from which the "compound" precipitates have additionally provided little additional data. The results of mass spectrometric and spectroscopic investigations designed to further elucidate the structure and composition of chromium nicotinate are described. The results demonstrated that the three common methods for producing "chromium nicotinate" all yield different compounds, all of which are polymers of Cr(III), oxygen-bound nicotinate, hydroxide, and water. Implications for interpreting results of nutritional studies of "chromium nicotinate" are discussed.

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The isolation of glucose tolerance factors from brewer's yeast and their relationship to chromium

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Glucose Tolerance Factor – Insulin Mimetic and Potentiating Agent – A Source for a Novel Anti Diabetic Medication

Mass Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Studies of the Nutritional Supplement Chromium(III) Nicotinate

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