Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Stearns, Diane M.

doi:10.1002/biof.5520110301

Cited by 127 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Approximately 0.4-2.5 % of Cr III is gastrointestinally absorbed (Institute of Medicine 2001), and it must be regarded as the ultimate toxic form of chromium available for metabolism by animal cells (Léonard and Lauwerys 1980;Levina and Lay 2008). Because no chromium deficiency has been consistently reported amongst healthy human populations (Stallings and Vincent 2006;Stearns 2007), the fact of its ''essentiality'' remains a controversial matter (Stearns 2000;Levina et al 2003;Stallings and Vincent 2006). Furthermore, because chromium may accumulate and is possibly genotoxic to animals and humans (Smith 1970;Debetto and Luciani 1988;Snow 1991;Bridgewater et al 1994;Stearns et al 1995;Błasiak and Kowalik 2000), excessive chromium intake (or exposure) should be avoided.…”

Section: Cadmium Lead and Chromium Exposure Assessments For Huntersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Heavy metals are ubiquitous in soil, water, and air. Their entrance into the food chain is an important environmental issue that entails risks to humans. Several reports indicate that game meat can be an important source of heavy metals, particularly because of the increasing consumption of game meat, mainly by hunters. We performed an exposure assessment of hunters and members of their households, both adults and children, who consumed wild boar (WB) meat and offal. We estimated the amount of cadmium, lead, and chromium in the tissues of WB hunted in six areas within Viterbo Province (Italy) and gathered data on WB meat and offal consumption by conducting specific diet surveys in the same areas. The exposure to cadmium, lead, and chromium was simulated with specifically developed Monte Carlo simulation models. Cadmium and lead levels in WB liver and meat harvested in Viterbo Province (Italy) were similar to or lower than the values reported in other studies. However, some samples contained these metals at levels greater then the EU limits set for domestic animals. The chromium content of meat or liver cannot be evaluated against any regulatory limit, but our results suggest that the amounts of this metal found in WB products may reflect a moderate environmental load. Our survey of the hunter population confirmed that their consumption of WB meat and liver was greater than that of the general Italian population. This level of consumption was comparable with other European studies. Consumption of WB products contributes significantly to cadmium and lead exposure of both adults and children. More specifically, consumption of the WB liver contributed significantly to total cadmium and lead exposure of members of the households of WB hunters. As a general rule, liver consumption should be kept to a minimum, especially for children living in these hunter households. The exposure to chromium estimated for this population of hunters may be considered to be safe. However, a specific and complete assessment of chromium speciation in relevant dietary and environmental situations should be conducted.

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Section: Cadmium Lead and Chromium Exposure Assessments For Huntersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…She did not find a correlation between chromium and GTF activity. Stearns also investigated the issue of the essentiality of chromium to human health, and found that "no chromium-containing glucose tolerance factor has been characterized, the purpose of the low-molecular-weight chromium-binding protein is questionable, and no direct interaction between chromium and insulin has been found" [79]. Moreover, she criticized the dietary supplementation of chromium: "Chromium+3 may act clinically by decreasing the iron stores that are linked to diabetes and heart disease.…”

Section: Grant and Mcmullenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, she criticized the dietary supplementation of chromium: "Chromium+3 may act clinically by decreasing the iron stores that are linked to diabetes and heart disease. This would make chromium+3 a pharmacological agent, not an essential metal" [79].…”

Section: Grant and Mcmullenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose Tolerance Factor – Insulin Mimetic and Potentiating Agent – A Source for a Novel Anti Diabetic Medication

Mirsky¹

2012

Glucose Tolerance

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“…Isolated strains were grown in M9 medium with 2 mM Cr(VI) at a range of pH values (5,6,7,8,9) at 180 rpm and 37°C. The temperature optimum was determined between 20°C and 42°C (20°C, 28°C, 30°C, 37°C, 42°C) at pH 7.4.…”

Section: Determination Of Ph and Temperature Optimum For Cr(vi) Reducmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like most heavy metals, chromium has toxic effects on both humans and environmental organisms [4]. Trace amount of chromium is required for a variety of enzymes [5][6][7], while accumulation in the human body can cause cancer, growth and developmental abnormalities, neuromuscular control defects, renal malfunction, mental retardation and other illnesses [8]. Though chromium exists in varied valance states ranging from Cr(II) to Cr(VI), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are the most stable forms in nature [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Subspecies of Staphylococcus aureus from Sediments of Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River Aerobically Reduces Hexavalent Chromium

Zhang¹,

Krumholz²,

Yu³

et al. 2013

J Bioremed Biodeg

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Background: Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River is contaminated by heavy metals including chromium perennially. The microbial community within the sediment is very active. Yet the study on the bacteria in this distinctive microbial community is still scarce.Results: LZ-01, a Gram-positive hexavalent chromium-reducing bacterium was isolated from the soil sample collected at a petrochemical corporation wastewater discharge site of Lanzhou reach. It was able to aerobically reduce 94.5% of 0.4 mM Cr (VI) to Cr(III) in 120 hours. Cd (II) and NaN 3 treatment both repressed Cr(VI) reduction in LZ-01 and Cr(III) precipitates were detected both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. LZ-01 also demonstrated resistance to 4 mM As (V) and 9 mM U (VI). LZ-01 was closely related to Staphylococcus aureus revealed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Comparison of cellular fatty acid components and Vitek phenotype identification provided further evidences that LZ-01 is a novel subspecies of S. aureus. Conclusions:A chromate-reducing bacterium LZ-01 identified as a novel subspecies of S. aureus was isolated from Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River. Cd (II) and NaN 3 treatment and TEM images suggested that Cr(VI) was reduced not only intracellularly but also on the cell membrane. All the results indicate that the isolate has a great potential for bioremediation of Cr (VI)-contaminated environment. Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative Gram-positive coccus-shaped bacterium [27] that is best known for its ability to cause a range of illnesses [27,28]. Several recent studies report that S. aureus is involved in environmental metal remediation [4,29] and S. epidermidis which is closely related to S. aureus is able to anaerobically reduce Cr(VI) to Cr (III) [11]. However, there is no direct evidence that S. aureus can reduce Cr(VI). In this study, we screened the Lanzhou reach river bank soil for Cr(VI) reducers and isolated a novel subspecies of S. aureus strain LZ-01, which reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III) aerobically. 16S rRNA sequencing and fatty lipids profiling showed that strain LZ-01 is closely related to S. aureus. Comparison of Vitek phenotype identification showed that there were 7 different reactions out of 64 between LZ-01 and type strains of Staphylococcus aureus. LZ-01 reduces Cr(VI) in a highly efficient manner suggesting that it may be useful for Cr(VI) reduction studies in Lanzhou reach. Journal of Bior emediation & Biodegradation Materials and Methods Soil sample collectionThe sampling site was 60 kilometers west of central Lanzhou city and adjacent to the upper reach of the Yellow River. The actual location was close to a petrochemical corporation waste water discharge site. The latitude and longitude of the sampling site is 36°06'N 103°39'E, (Figure 1). The pH of soils at the sampling site ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 with temperature around 18°C at the time of collection. The soil samples were collected from 15 cm below surface horizon and stored in sterile aluminum boxes a...

show abstract

Is chromium a trace essential metal?

Cited by 127 publications

References 107 publications

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Glucose Tolerance Factor – Insulin Mimetic and Potentiating Agent – A Source for a Novel Anti Diabetic Medication

A Novel Subspecies of Staphylococcus aureus from Sediments of Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River Aerobically Reduces Hexavalent Chromium

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